Comparing Pagan Romans And Christians Essay - 1107 Words

Pagan Romans and Christians in the 2nd 3rd C.E. Introduction: What relationship did the Christians and Pagan Romans have with one another? Explain emperor Nero, and his part in how the persecutions began on a higher level. Glimpse of some of the accusations Christians went under. B. Introduce Primary source Pliny and his letter to Trajan. Explain the reason this letter relates to the relationship of the Christians and Pagan Romans. C. Thesis: The Christians faced tumultuous, and massive amounts of hardships in the 2nd and 3rd C.E, through looking at the primary source of Pliny the Younger letters to Emperor Trajan, and multiple other historical accounts. It is clear that the Pagan Romans and Christians had a rocky relationship with one another, filled with accusations, persecutions, torture, and bewilderment of the Pagan Romans View on the Christians. II. Pliny’s Letter to Emperor Trajan (Primary Source): What this letter said and interpretation. Pliny found himself confronted with the problem of what to do with the numbers of Christians in his area. Pliny’s confusion of whether to be tolerant or intolerant to the Christians. Talk about Trajan’s reply to Pliny. his advice, he uses his set of rules of due process and penalties to those who are accused of false accusations and punishes them. Trajan’s policies are carried on for centuries. B. Expand on the views and beliefs of people similar to Pliny’s View. During the Late Antiquity andShow MoreRelatedThe Hero and the Saint: Paul and Augustine656 Words   |  3 PagesPaul and Augustine The idea of the hero in Greco-Roman culture was integrated into the idea of the saint (in the process of conversion and totalization) by way of Christianitys adoption of and ancestry in the Greco-Roman culture. As Professor Ambrosio indicates, The need and the search for meaning is shared by all human beings (Hero or Saint Saul of Tarsus). Thus, it is no surprise to find that a pagan Greco-Roman title is applicable to a Christian whose virtue is viewed as greater than that ofRead MoreNational Identity Over the Course of Time: Peter Sahlins Essay972 Words   |  4 Pagesthat people use to define who collectively are, such as their own language and national history, this is not the only explanation of how groups of people have conceived who they are. In reality, communities have primarily conceived who they are by comparing themselves to an ‘other’ who they are not. As the historian Peter Sahlins put it, national identity over the course of time has been constructed †Å"by the social or territorial boundaries drawn to distinguish the collective self and its implicit negationRead MoreTo Believe Or To Believe: No Question About It: An Analysis of Hamlets Fatal Flaw1236 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare’s Hamlet is widely regarded as one of the greatest tragedies in English literature. 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However for the early christians the social question was a philosophical statementRead MoreThe Anglo Saxon Era Of Rich History And Reflected Literature1486 Words   |  6 Pagesof Viking conquering other nations, patriotism, and Pagan to Christian religious conversion. There are only few recorded authors of this era as a result of literary works such as Beowulf, Wife’s Lament, and The Seafarer being passed down orally through generations of time. The literature serves as a reflection of this ancient time rather than having an impact on this time period. This was a period of great conquering, pride and honor, and Christian expansion with recorded literature that exaggeratedRead MoreComparing Augustine de Hippo and Mohammed to the Idea of a Classic Greek God611 Words   |  2 PagesGreek and Roman cultural values pervaded the Western reli gious society and made it possible for a series of Christian and Muslim religious individuals to be associated with historic figures present in Ancient Greece and Rome. While the modern society has a different understanding of the concept of the traditional hero, society during the early centuries perceived heroes as being individuals who possessed a series of attributes related to religious ideas and to a general attitude that promoted moralRead MoreThe Reign Of The Byzantine Empire1356 Words   |  6 Pagesstemming back to the ancient Roman Empire, the diptych was used as a political as well as an informative device. Upon being elected to the post of consul, Roman politicians would send these carvings to very close relatives and colleagues in order to give notice of their newly elected position. The carvings were often filled with wax, and messages were inscribed upon the hardened wax surface with a stylus. This style of art was adopted and later adapted by Christians for use in religious practices

The Disadvantages of Living Away from Home - 3307 Words

The effects of living far from home on HUCFL first year students’ study. 1. What are positive effects of living far from home on HUCFL freshmen students’ study? 2. What are negative effects of living far from home on HUCFL freshmen students’ study? 3. How can we overcome negative effects? I. Introduction: The topic for my research project is â€Å"the effects of living far from home on HUCFL first year students’ study†. I made decision research this topic because of the following reasons. First of all, today most students study at university after graduating from high school. Due to the distance between their hometown and college, a few students live with their family while many others live far from home to study. This issue has†¦show more content†¦.One of the advantages indicated by young college students is that they develop independence from their family. I recalled when I first lived away from home, tried living off campus and in an apartment, I had to learn how to cook, clean and for the most part take care of myself. For the first time, I learned how to balance my checkbook and pay my bills. I had acquired personal maturity by being responsible. I met new people from various cultural and personal backgrounds. I found all of this during my first year while living in a dormitory and thereafter living in apartments. Although initially I walked on eggshells and felt a bit of trepidation, my anxieties greatly were reduced as I eased into adulthood. During that first year in college, living on my own felt great. Another advantage to living on your own is having freedom from your parents. As a teenager, I remember having so many constraints placed upon me. After all, I wasn’t yet an adult and was living in my parents’ household. Living on my own, I was able to wake up when I wanted to or come home at late hours of the evening. I did not have to report to anyone and was able to act according to how I felt. Conflicts were obsolete since I had no one to argue with. Power and control were mine; an advantage of living away from home was gaining complete liberty and freedom. The final advantage toShow MoreRelatedDisadvantages of Studying Abroad1348 Words   |  6 Pagesgreater diversity of friends | 94% | 88% | 89% | 86% | 90% | Continues to influence interactions with people from different cultures | 97% | 93% | 92% | 92% | 94% | Career development | Acquired skill sets that influenced career path | 82% | 73% | 74% | 71% | 76% | Ignited an interest in a career direction pursued after the experience | 70% | 57% | 59% | 59% | 62% | #1 Disadvantage of studying abroad: You are not a genius Reality is hard, I know. Studying in another country does not meanRead MoreChoosing A Quality Education Helps People Accomplish Their Dreams Through Their Experience Of School1224 Words   |  5 Pagesthan doubled† (Stengel). 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Umbricius discusses his negative experience from living in Rome along with the disadvantages. During the satire Umbricius and Juvenal mention seven reasons to leave Rome though themes of the satire are on urban life in Rome presenting the devaluation of honestyRead MoreDeath And High Birth Rates From Infectious Disease880 Words   |  4 Pagesof the younger children died from infectious disease rapidly, because lack of access to medication and vaccine. Children died in the comfort of their home surrounding with family members. Family members are able to witness death for the first time and the bodies are preserved at home. Death is shown in public to everyone. Families can make a ceremony for their loved one to say their last goodbye to each other. Now in the late 1900’s majority of older people died from chronic disease at a slowe r rateRead MoreCollege Is The Most Challenging Thing977 Words   |  4 Pagesof my things such as getting to class at least five minutes early and starting my homework early. This gives me the feeling that I would be more prepared for whatever happens. Living on campus could also give the student the opportunity to learn how to be independent. Knowing that mom is going to do it mentality goes away as one learns that its his or hers responsibility to do it themselves. Not only that but, there is no one that could tell you what to do and when to do it. The student can make

Business Law Australia

Question: Discuss about the Business Law in Australia. Answer: In a country, several types of laws such as statue law, common law, civil law, etc. exits to govern the acts and to protect rights of the individual and business. In the same way, there is a statutory framework in Australia that ensures fairness in trading for consumers and businesses both. For conducting business operations, it is critical for the family owned seafood restaurant to comply legal laws and regulations. The owners of the organization wish to call this restaurant as Great Catch! It needs to identify the applicable laws, regulators, existing and potential legal issues for the business for understanding legal obligations and complying with legal rules (Australian Government, 2016). In Australian business law, property is classified in three forms such as real property (land, fixtures, buildings and leaseholds), personal property (personality and chattels) and intellectual property (design, patents, trademarks, etc.). On the basis of defined categories of property in the Australian business law, the name of business is a type of intellectual property. But, the intellectual property cannot complied laws and protected itself from the illegal acts and due to this; it falls into the category of intangible personal property (Latimer, 2011). Choses in action aspect of property law defines that an individual have right to sue for protecting the intellectual property of business. In accordance to this law, an individual does not have rights to take physical possession of intellectual business property. For example: Great Catch! name can be used by other firm. This law gives rights to the business owner to protect the trade name of business. But at the same time, law can protect the business and trade name in case of having registration in legal firms. In Australia, Corporation Act and business associations accept the registration of businesses names (Australian Government, 2016). For naming the seafood restaurant and gaining the legal rights, owner needs to register the name with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) (ASIC, 2016). Equitable choses in action also give equal right to the all legal member to sue for protecting the intellectual property and to make claims. In family-owned seafood restaurant, all legal members have right to claims over the intellectual property of business. Corporations Act 2001 provides applicable laws and regulations to manage the rights related to the company title. By giving name to the seafood restaurant, the business owner would create recognition in the market. In accordance to the Australian business law, trademark is a type of intellectual property that gives unique identification to the seller in the market. Trademark can be brand name, symbol, design, etc. For protecting the intellectual property, this seafood restaurant is obliged to register name of a business as trademark under the Trade Act 1995. This would provide legal protection to the business identity. In Australia, Registrar of Trade Marks accepts trademark registrations and due to this it has authority to cont rol and excise the rights related to this area (Latimer, 2011). For getting the trademarks as business name, this seafood restaurant should contact to this legal authority. Sales of Goods Act and Australian Consumer Law (ACL) are the two major business laws create legal obligations for a firm. ACL operates in Australia-wide, whereas Sales of Good Acts application is limited to the state and territory borders. Sales of Goods Act 1923 create legal obligations on the businesses, which are operating in Sydney. In accordance to this, all variable property including consumer able goods, fixtures, crops, etc., which are sold as goods are regulated through this law (NSW Government, 2016). This seafood restaurant sale food, which is consumer good and due to this, it is accountable to oblige legislation of Sales of Goods Act. This legislation in Australia regulates sales agreement in Australia. In order to sale food in restaurant, this firm is legally obliged to include a contract, goods and price. As per this law, sale of goods to the consumer leads to the pass of ownership and due to this associated risks such as damage, loss, etc. are also passed. In case of perishable good, damage of good without the knowledge of the seller at the time of contract makes the contract void (no effect). Sales of goods legislation indicates that buyer must pay on the delivery (Latimer, 2011). The acceptance of goods by the buyer leads to the execution of sales of goods contract. This legislation is also obliged seller to give reasonable opportunity to examine the goods in accordance with the contract. This act provides three types of remedies to the buyer in case of inconsistency with the contract. Refusal for goods, action for damages, equitable remedies for certain performance is three remedies available for the buyers. The remedies can create legal issues for this seafood restaurant. For example: if this restaurant fails to deliver promised quality food to the consumers than it would incur breach of contract and due to this consumer can take action for damages (Australian Government, 2016). This will create legal issue for the restaurant. For operating effectively, this seafood restaurant needs to oblige sales of goods legislation in effective manner. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) have authority to protect the rights of consumers effectively by enforcing Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (CCA) under the Australian Consumer Law (ACL). This legislation gives rights to the customers to claim for damages and losses. These rights are called consumer guarantee. This gives rights to the customers for replacement, repair, refund and compensation due to the damage and loss (ACCC, 2016). The seafood restaurant is also obliged to comply with this legislation to limit the legal claims and issues. Environment laws in Australia may raise legal issues for this seafood restaurant. Environment Protection Act 1993 create obligation on businesses to protect the environment from the negative impact of business activities (Australian Government, 2016). In addition to this, this law is updated by the government on regularly basis for ensuring sustainable development and due to this firm needs to review and accept the amendments. For example: Australia's seafood labelling laws may become stricter that may also raise legal issues for the company and to operate business activities effectively (AMCS, 2016). Thus, this seafood restaurant should ensure compliance of different business laws to operate successfully in Australia. In the given case, there are several legal conditions are incurred. Intellectual law and Sales of Goods Act both could be applied in the given case to determine legal obligation and remedies. In accordance to the sales of goods legislation, there are two types of conditions such as implied and expressed used to determine the obligations for the buyer and seller. Express conditions are such warranties which are described in the contract, whereas implied warranties are imposed by the laws and regulations (Australian Government, 2016). Implied condition includes Condition as to title that gives right to seller to sell the property after the passing of possession from seller to buyer. The Australian property legislation also indicates that ownership of a property can be transferred by the contract of sale. It transfers rights of using the property as well (Latimer, 2011). The other implied condition is condition as to description which implies that the good should perform as per the description of seller. This condition indicates that if buyer makes decision to purchase a good on the basis of description, which was discussed by the seller, then it implies condition of sale by description. In this case, it is implied by Australian law that the performance should be matched with the description. In the given, the married couple bought the oven machine from Tuscan Ovens Pty. Ltd on the basis of the provided description of the manager. But, the oven performed as the description of manager (NSW Government, 2016). This implied condition of sales of goods legislation of Australia gives legal rights to the married couple for suing the seller. The other implied condition is Condition as to Quality or Fitnes which also defines legal rights and obligation for the seller and buyer under the sales of goods contract. This condition implies that good should fit the reasonable purpose of the buyer if buyer expressly or by implication informed the buyer about the purpose of purchasing the good. It indicates that seller acknowledgment regarding the purpose of buyer creates legal obligation for him/her to provide product that meet the quality requirements of the buyer (South Australia Government, 2016). In the given case, this implied condition of sales of goods acts legislation explains legal conditions for the buyer. The married couple told the manager about required quality of pizza oven. Manager ensured them the new pizza oven will bake 16 pizzas at a time. But in reality, it only bakes 12 pizzas. On the basis of managers description and judgement, they made order for the oven and paid $15,000. Due to this, it caused breach of b uyers legal responsibility that gives rights to take legal actions against the seller. In accordance to the implied conditions of sales of goods legislation, the married couple may take legal actions against the Tuscan. Apart from this, The Australian Consumer Law (ACL) is national law to promote fairness in trade and consumer protection. This law of Australia also defines legal obligations for the buyer and seller. Consumer guarantees legislation of Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (CCA) under ACL simply applies that when a customer buys a product or service then it automatically gives guarantee of performance in accordance to the proposed purpose to the buyer (ACCC, 2016). It should work for which you asked for seller before the purchase and the seller responded positively. Consumers have different rights in case of any problem in product or service guarantee. The same condition occurs in the given case. The married couple bought an oven by assuring manger from the company about its ability to bake 16 pizzas. Later, they know that this oven can bake only 12 pizzas at a time due to which the buyer faces significant loss in the business. Consumer guarantees aspect of Australian consumer protection laws gives legal rights to the married couple for taking legal actions. This couple may claim three types of remedies from the seller as it provided unreliable good to them. Replacement, cancellation of sale contract and compensation for damage loss can be used by married couple to make claims on seller (Latimer, 2011). Replacement will give legal rights to buyer to ask seller to provide right oven with the certain functional capabilities. Similarly, cancellation of sales contract would make the seller eligible to get back their paid amount of the oven. Compensation of loss and damage provides legal rights to the consumer for claiming compensation for the all type of loss and damage it has faced. For example: Perfect Domino Pizza looses customers due to the failure of oven in baking 16 pizzas at a time. This affects the business sales and reputation (Australian Government, 2016) . By using this remedy, the married couple has legal rights to get monetary compensation from the seller for the loss of sales and reputation. Apart from this, intellectual property law of Australia give legal rights to the seller to take legal actions due to an infringement of his registered name. The married couple decided to call the purchased oven machine as MB Oven rather than Tuscan XX, which was its real registered name. This creates legal rights of seller to claim for infringing the registered name and use it for their own purpose (Latimer, 2011). But at the same time, the law creates obligations on selling the product by the trade name of other business. The married couple indented to use this oven for own purpose that may reduce legal claim on them at the certain extent. But, Sales of Goods Act 1923 and Australian Consumer Law give rights to the married couple to take legal actions against the Tuscan Ovens Pty. Ltd as manager of this company breached the implied conditions of sales of good contract and consumer guarantee (ACCC, 2016). Due to this, the married couple of the given case can make claims on the seller. References Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2016) Consumer guarantees. [Online]. Available at: https://www.accc.gov.au/consumers/consumer-rights-guarantees/consumer-guarantees [Accessed: 2 June 2016]. Australian Government (2016) 7. Property Rights. [Online]. Available at: https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/definitions-property-0 [Accessed: 2 June 2016]. Australian Government (2016) Consumer Protection. [Online]. Available at: https://www.australia.gov.au/information-and-services/public-safety-and-law/consumer-protection [Accessed: 2 June 2016]. Australian Marine Conservation Society (2016) Sustainable Seafood. [Online]. Available at: https://www.marineconservation.org.au/pages/sustainable-seafood.html [Accessed: 2 June 2016]. Australian Trade and Investment Commission (2016) Australian business and environment laws. [Online]. Available at: https://www.austrade.gov.au/International/Invest/Guide-to-investing/Running-a-business/Understanding-Australian-business-regulation/Australian-business-and-environment-laws [Accessed: 2 June 2016]. Latimer, P., 2012. Australian Business Law 2012. CCH Australia Limited. NSW Government (2016) SALE OF GOODS ACT 1923 - SECT 19. [Online]. Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/soga1923128/s19.html [Accessed: 2 June 2016]. South Australia Government (2016) Implied conditions. [Online]. Available at: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch10s03s01s03.php [Accessed

Coursework on Revenge Essay Example For Students

Coursework on Revenge Essay A few years ago, I had a son out of marriage vows. It was an accident. I love my son very much, but his father abandoned me during the pregnancy and immediately moved in and married another girl before our child was even born. Now, though I am only on the fringes of his family, I am still very much a part of it. His mother and I are close. For my own good and the benefit or our son, I have tried to give up my anger and resentment for what this man did to me. His wife, however, hates me with a passion simply because I exist and have what she has wanted for herself a son, the very image of his father. Over the years, his wife has called me on the phone, taunted me, insulted me, keyed my car, and done her best to out-do me in any arena. I have not reciprocated, but instead focused on my self and my son. Then one day an opportunity too good to pass up came my way.  My sons father has visits every couple of weeks with our son, when his wife is at work which he and his mother (yes, a mammas boy) feel is best so as to not upset his darling wife. So he comes around and I am sweet as honey to him. My appearance has changed substantially since we first met. I am now, quite frankly, strikingly beautiful. This has really bothered this man, because the girl he married has gone to pot should we say, and developed some nasty habits. On a recent visit, he felt it necessary to confide in me the details of his marriage on the rocks. Apparently the jealousy his wife feels towards me has driven her crazy. And her unwillingness to satisfy him has made him drift from her. With wide eyes and a caring smile, I have commiserated with him. The sparks between us grew each time we saw each other, until one evening, I let him kiss me. This has developed into a full-blown affair, sex and all. He calls me desperately wanting to know when he can see me again. Not because he cares for me or enjoys our conversations, but because he wants to get his rocks off and knows where to go. I have stayed sweet, but I remember just what kind of a man he really is. Each time I speak to him, he begs me to never say a word to anyone, so I am telling the world. Decided that being his mistress really isnt much fun for me, and I really wouldnt mind if his wife and family found out. To me, having this affair end was no loss. And I received some diabolical pleasure when I imagined his wifes face when she is told the truth.  When I think of this mans marriage falling apart by my hand, I am reminded of how my own life fell apart as a result of my pregnancy. It was a downward spiral that crippled me and altered my life permanently. Yes, I think he needs that. So what did I do? One evening over a glass of wine with his mother, I steered the subject to the news of how I had met a wonderful man, but that he was married. Initially, she was happy for me, then warned me to stay away from married men. I acknowledged her, and then told her all about him and the wife that he says is such a misery to be with. I told her that when he meets up with me, he tells his wife that hes going out to have a drink and be alone for a while, and then comes to me instead. I also included enough personal detail to help her realize just whom I was talking about. It got quiet for a moment, then I said, You dont think. is having an affair, do you? .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354 , .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354 .postImageUrl , .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354 , .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354:hover , .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354:visited , .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354:active { border:0!important; } .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354:active , .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354 .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u81d06d9d330fbfd25165e10206eef354:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Who is to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet? EssayShe replied with a no, then I asked, Where do you think he is really going at night when he says hes going for a drink alone?  At this, I could swear the bottom dropped out from beneath her and she just stared at me. I took a sip and looked up at her. I told her that I wanted to end the affair I had began with this man in question but that he just wouldnt leave me alone. The rest of the evening was tense, and we parted early. That was just a week ago, since then I have received two heated phone calls from him, wanting to know what I said to his mother, who, of course, immediately went to his wife and conferred with her on the issue. He is receiving a lot of heat at home, and his wife is talking about leaving him. But the bombshell has yet to come: I saved all his phone messages, which are quite explicit. His mother wants to come visit me this weekend. I think Ill check my messages while shes here.

Young hindu boys Essay Example

Young hindu boys Essay Should children be brought up with a religious upbringing? Do you agree? Show that you have considered more than one point of view and refer to another religion in your answer. Many people around the world think that they should bring their children up religiously. There are quite a few reasons for this, mainly because of tradition. The few main reasons have been outlined below; Firstly, if the children are brought up religiously, they will be baptized, and once done so, to keep the baptism promises, parents will enforce and pass down teachings and bible quotations to their children which then are led to believe in god.This is similar to Hinduisms teachings, where the child goes through a special ceremony at birth to welcome god into their lives, thanking them and spending their lives in his debt. Christians have a similar confirmation ceremony which is rather like the thread ceremony for young hindu boys. From an early age, young Christians may go to Sunday school run by the church, where they would learn stories and prayers, and then assume that god exists because the people around the child believe that he does. In Hinduism, it is quite common for younger children to attend Sunday school hosted by the mandir. They are brought up to believe in god so that they may go to heaven after death.Most of the time, children are automatically accepted into their parents religion(s) because when they hear their parents talking about god or praying, they tend to follow in their parents footsteps which then lead them to believe and assume that god exists. We will write a custom essay sample on Young hindu boys specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Young hindu boys specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Young hindu boys specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As children get older, they are able to attend church which further helps them believe in god. Special festivals such as Christmas are usually celebrated without knowing their background and story, but if children attend church they naturally end up assuming that there are religious reasons behind every festival which end up positively enforcing their beliefs about god. They may also learn these facts through school, their peers and RE lessons. In Hinduism, children are taught about their festivals and nearly every festival has a religious meaning or story behind it, which eventually alters childrens thoughts as they grow older to accompany new religious ideas and beliefs.Finally, daily prayers and offerings are done by both hindu and Christian children which further enforces their beliefs about god. Children that are brought up with a religious upbringing usually believe in heaven, and their parents also believe that after death the body will rest eternally in heaven (or hell, in some cases). I disagree with the question and believe that children should not be brought up with a religious upbringing because they should have their own right to choose how they act and what they believe in.For example, Hindu children are not allowed to eat beef, and may bear a grudge against their parents for forcing them into Hinduism, or any other religion as such. This could lead to major conflicts which could break tradition, but wouldnt have occurred if the child could choose what they wished to be. Without religion, major conflicts which spark wars and other things such as bad behaviour can be prevented.Even if children are brought up in a certain religion they should be able to choose as they get older and have more experience about other religions. Sometimes children are brought up by agnostics, which can help reinforce the childs beliefs. In conclusion, I think that children have a right to believe what they want in life, and steer their lives in the right direction, for who knows whether the path they choose to live may be the right one for them, if not for others, therefore I disagree with the question stated above.

Essay on Sustainable Development of Environment Essays

Essay on Sustainable Development of Environment Essays Essay on Sustainable Development of Environment Paper Essay on Sustainable Development of Environment Paper Essay Topic: Renewable energy According to WEEK sustainable development means a process of hang in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potentiality to meet human needs and aspirations. Sustainable development is a development that meets needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. For achieving sustainable development what is needed in global movement as well as significantly increased political will and public pressure in order to persuade industry, governments and institutions to take responsibility for their action. It must be borne in mind that development should not endanger the natural system that supports life on earth. With this attitude towards nature technological advances increase our ability to use earth resources and thus increase the damage. However, the realization is growing fast that we are in a world of limits and ever increasing growth of material consumption can only damage the life giving physical components of the environment. The concept of sustainable development was highly appreciated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (OUNCE) at a ROI De Jeanne in Brazil, commonly known as Earths Summit. Sustainable development also needs understanding the basic needs of deprived people of the world. It is necessary to provide opportunities in order to satisfy their aspirations for a better and secured life. Sustainable development can be successfully achieved by (l) conservation or reduction of excessive resource use (II) recycling and reuse of materials and Ill) more use of renewable resources like solar energy, rather than non renewable resources such as oil and coal. The sustainability of development is initially linked to the dynamics of growth of population. The failure of family planning programmer has been the principal reason for Indians continuing backwardness. It is thus essentially needed to adopt a rational, welfare oriented human approach to family planning in order to achieve the goals of sustainable development. In this respect the developed countries have supranational impact on the global environment compared to developing countries. Besides, industry has always been the primary cause of economic development. Needless to mention that without adequate environmental protection development cannot be achieved to the extend which we require. The kinds of industries that grow fast determine the severity of pressure on natural resources and consequent environmental problems. Apart from industries involvement, global warming stands in the way of sustainable development. The primary cause of global warming is the green house gases. The generation of excessive amount of green house gases by developed countries is a matter of serious concern. The climatic changes induced by green house gases effects agriculture, and other fields including forestry. It must be released that development at the cost of greenery and ecology, cannot be called as sustainable development. Over exploitation of natural resources, deforestation and the extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture have resulted many changes in the different components of environment. In this respect it is always desirable to use environment friendly products on controlling agricultural pollution towards sustainable developments. Pesticides are considered as biological control agents like bacteria, fungi and insects which work for pest control in plants. Industrial revolution has led to the development of cities where population has been increased due to what is known as arbitration. The population grog. VT in the cities has led to acute shortage of clean environment. The arbitration adds to air, water and noise pollution to a greater extent.

Are maritime transportation loosing out its competitive advantage over Essay

Are maritime transportation loosing out its competitive advantage over other modes of transportation like air and road transportation Justify your views - Essay Example The existence of maritime routes or in other words the fact that regular itineraries are existent is said to be the concept of maritime transportation.1 There have been quite a few technological transformation which have had the potential of affecting water transports, the most recent one is that of the modification of water canals, increasing the size as well as the automation and specialization of vessels. However it has been noted that the increase in maritime traffic has had the consequences of major ecological disasters.2 It needs to be pointed that the bulk of circulation that takes place through maritime transportation is limited along coast line and further three continents have limited fluvial trade. The majority of maritime infrastructure requires a huge maintenance cost for the modification of waterways or investments on the expansion of capacities of ports, which is very expensive and on the other hand takes a lot of space.3 It needs to be pointed out at this point that not every country has direct access to the ocean, these countries are better known as the maritime enclave that is they have difficulties in undertaking maritime trade since they are not part of what is called the domain of maritime circulation. So it requires agreements between neighboring countries to have access to the facilities of port via road, rail line or any other possible alternative. It is important to keep in mind that the countries which are enclave are not excluded from international trade or in other words it can not be implied that they can not take part in international trade, but the problem that they face are that they face higher costs which might lead to weakening of economic development.4 It has been proved that due to the establishment of commercial linkage between continents, maritime transport has been able to sustain a substantial amount of traffic which covers approximately 90% of intercontinental transport demand of

Love Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love - Article Example Based on the new ability to scan the brain, researchers have developed new theories about language acquisition that focus on â€Å"critical windows of learning† (Wasserman, 2007). This theory that emphasizes critical windows of learning states that children’s brains can learn certain skills, such as language, only during short windows of time. Once the window has closed, the child cannot learn that skill. Wasserman argues that educators must embrace this new research in order to address the needs of at-risk students. Though Wasserman acknowledges that this research is still being debated, she believes that educators should use the theory just as educators in the past used the research of Piaget, Skinner, and others before it was officially accepted. Classroom accommodations that Wasserman emphasizes are using neuroscience to identify at-risk students. Once a brain scan identifies a student, the educator should use the critical windows of learning to identify what the child has learned and is capable of learning. Additionally, she calls for educators to use brain-based research to change the way they teach. In her words, â€Å"Sequential knowledge is harder for the brain to process. Nonlinear learning in bits and pieces is easier for the brain to process† (Wasserman, 2007). Public education classrooms focus entirely on sitting in a desk and learning knowledge sequentially. Educators should adopt teaching that allows for nonlinear learning. In other words, the classroom that Wasserman envisions does not have students all sitting quietly at a desk listening to the teacher. Instead, it is a classroom that is full of energy where students are learning and discovering as their brains lead them. Wasserman’s article covered the basics of brain-based research in a method and language that was easy to understand. Since the audience is public educators, language that is too complex would be detrimental to her purpose as an educator would not read

Energy Use, Ethics, and Global Climate Change Term Paper

Energy Use, Ethics, and Global Climate Change - Term Paper Example Nevertheless, the forbearance array is not equal in all species, and thus, disclosure to environmental conditions at the maximum limit of a certain being's tolerance scope symbolizes environmental stress (Anil, 35). Environmental studies refer to the research and analyses made regarding environment, its degradation levels, and the appropriate ways to maintain or better its current status. This paper seeks to analyze the current energy policies in all levels, and the various ways and effects of constructing and developing an appropriate lifestyle through the environment. The science of climate change This refers to the study concerning the planet’s climate system, and how it has been undergoing various changes over time. The earth’s climate structure has always been experiencing change. The universal climate change is the varying, in the long-term, of the climate outline that typifies the various parts of the world (Anil, 56). Earth’s climate has forever been chan ging in regard to temperature, as proved by the great fluctuations in hotness. Since about 150000 years ago, the mean worldwide temperature dipped for approximately 15000 years, and then started to augment stridently for close to 10000 years. After that, it dropped again, and then remained comparatively constant, though it continued to alter by about 1 to 2 degrees. The mean temperature then dipped sharply roughly 80000 years ago, and then upped again, sub sequenced by an additional 35000 years of relatively steady temperature. Soon after, the temperature dropped progressively till approximately 15000 years ago, then began to rise drastically, while only showing a small decline in the speed of increase in the precedent 2000 years. Though the pace of change decreased slightly throughout the past 5000 years, the universal average temperature is still rising (Joseph, 58). Nonetheless, temperature is not the lone climatic aspect that is currently changing swiftly. The concentration of c onservatory gases in the air has increased rapidly over the precedent two centuries, and this, in reality, the main reason behind the increase in the mean global temperature. The present rate of alteration in the level of carbon dioxide in the air is an issue that has raised much worry among scientists. Globally, the concentration of CO2 has amplified from just about 280 parts per million (0.028%) to about (0.0365%). even though the swell may seem to be inconsequential, the increase implies that approximately 3 billion metric tons of CO2 are injected to the atmosphere every year. Scientifically, this increase is in the region of about 30.4%. This figure exhibits the extent of effect in progress. As CO2 soaks up heat, more CO2 being injected into the atmosphere implies that the globe’s temperature will tend to rise in concurrence with the increases in the level of concentration of CO2 in the air. Climatologists have noticed a minute but sturdy increase in the international ave rage temperatures over the past years (Denis, 94). Given the current tempo of change, and the potential insinuations they could have on the present world, the world, through scientists, is justified in being alarmed about the particular rate of vary, instead of the said changes. The reason behind this is that changes on a trivial level would have a negligible effect.

Solvent Effect on the Interaction of C20 and N2H2

Solvent Effect on the Interaction of C20 and N2H2 Solvent effect on the interaction of C20 and N2H2: A theoretical study Reza Ghiasi*,1, Hanieh Alavi2 Abstract: In this work, the interaction of C20 and N2H2 fragment was investigated in the M062X/6-311G(d,p) level of theory in both gas and solution phases. The influence of solvent on the interaction energy, structural parameters, frontier orbital energies and hyperpolarizability of C20†¦N2H2 complex has been explored. The interaction energies obtained with standard method were corrected by basis set superposition error (BSSE) during the geometry optimization for all complexes at the same levels of theory. The thermodynamic properties of the C20†¦N2H2 molecule at vacuum phase and different solvents have been calculated. Keywords: C20 cage, C20†¦N2H2 molecules, Frontier orbitals, solvent effect, hyperpolarizability. Introduction C20 molecule is potentially the smallest fullerene, and its structure has been investigated theoretically and experimentally [1-6]. This molecules has been generated and characterized in the gas phase [7]. Owing to its attractive structure, this ambiguous molecule has been the subject of many theoretical investigations [8, 9]. Fullerenes are considered as promising candidates for basic elements in nanoscale devices, and several examples of fullerene-based devices have been already investigated both experimentally and theoretically [10, 11]. Modification of C20 is a matter of general interest for experimentalists as well theoreticians to look into the structural as well as electronic properties. As a recent research, for instant, structure and properties of fullerene C20 and its derivatives C20(C2H2)n and C20(C2H4)n (n=1–4) have been studied [12]. These calculations showed that the most stable fullerene C20 and its derivatives C20(C2H2)n and C20(C2H4)n (n=1–3) reveal sig nificant aromaticity, while C20(C2H2)4 and C20(C2H4)4 have no spherical aromaticity. Also, heteroatom impacts on structure, stability and aromaticity of XnC20-n fullerenes have been explored [13]. The interaction of C20 with N2X2 (X=H, F, Cl, Br, Me) have been investigated theoretically [14]. Structure, aromaticity, frontier orbital analysis and the natural bond analysis of C20†¦N2X2 complexes have been explored, and the influence of the basis set and methods on the structure and interaction energies of these complexes have been explored. In the present work, extensive theoretical calculations on fullerene C20 and their interactions with N2H2 have been performed in both gas and solution phases. The Structure, frontier orbital analysis and hyperpolarizability of the C20†¦N2H2 have been explored. We also discuss the influence of the solvent on the structure properties of C20†¦N2H2 molecule. Computational Methods All calculations were carried out with the Gaussian 09 suite of program [15]. The calculations of systems contain C, and N described by the standard 6-311G(d,p) basis set [16-19]. Geometry optimization was performed utilizing with the hybrid functional of Truhlar and Zhao (M062X) [20]. A vibrational analysis was performed at each stationary point found, that confirm its identity as an energy minimum. The interaction energy, IE, can be evaluated from the difference between energy of the complex and sum of the energies of the C20 and N2H2: I.E = E(complex) – [E (C20)+ E(N2H2)] The calculated interaction energies were corrected for basis set superposition errors (BSSE), which were computed for all calculations using the counterpoise correction method of Boys and Bernardi [21]. Geometries were optimized at this level of theory without any symmetry constraints followed by the calculations of the first order hyperpolarizabilities. The total static first hyperpolarizability à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ was obtained from the following relation: upon calculating the individual static components Due to the Kleinman symmetry [22]: à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢xyy = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ yxy = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ yyx ; à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢yyz = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ yzy = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ zyy,†¦ one finally obtains the equation that has been employed: We have studied the solvation effects by using self-consistent reaction field (SCRF) approach, in particular using the polarizable continuum model (PCM) [23]. Using this method, the geometry of the studied complex was re-optimized and the hyperpolarizability was calculated by the same functionals and basis sets. Results and discussion Energetic The computed interaction energies (I.E) and the corrected interaction energies (I.E corrected) for the C20†¦N2H2 complex (Figure 1) in gas phase and various solvents have been gathered in Table 1. It can be expected interaction between C20 and N2H2 increases in the presence of more polar solvents. Figure 2 presents a good correlation between interaction energies values and dielectric constants of solvents. On the other hand, the comparison of interaction energy value in gas phase and solution phase show more interaction between C20 and N2H2 in solution phase. Thermochemical Analysis Thermochemical analysis is studied for all complexes. The values of à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾H, à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾G and K are reported in Table 2 in which the individual terms are referred to a temperature of 298 K. The reaction can be considered as: C20 + N2H2à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ® C20†¦N2H2 As can be verified, the à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾G values increase in solution phase. The equilibrium constants of the all complexes are given in Table 2. This shows that the equilibrium constant is most vacuum phase. Dipole moments The dipole moments of C20†¦N2H2 complex in gas phase and different solvents have been listed in Table 3. As seen in Table 3, C20†¦N2H2 complex has less dipole moment in gas phase. In the solution phase, dipole moments increase with increasing of polarity of the solvents. Also, these values show a good relationship with interaction energies values (Figure 3). Polarizability The isotropic and anisotropic polarizability values of C20†¦N2H2 complex in gas phase and different solvents have been gathered in Table 3. As seen in Table 3, C20†¦N2H2 complex has less polarizability in gas phase. There is good correlation between isotropic polarzability values and dielectric constants of solvent (R2=0.948). Bond distances The NN and C..N bond distances of C20†¦N2H2 complex in gas phase and different solvents have been collected in Table 1. As seen from Table 1, the bond lengths increase in solution phase. There is minor dependence between bond distances and dielectric constants values. The comparison NN bond distances of free N2H2 and complexed molecule show the rising of this bond in C20†¦N2H2 complex. Molecular orbital analysis The energies of the frontier orbitals (HOMO, LUMO) along with the corresponding HOMO–LUMO energy gaps for of C20†¦N2H2 complex in gas phase and different solvents are given in Table 4. Inclusion of solvation effects leads also to changes on the molecular orbital energies (Table 4). In solution, HOMO and LUMO are destabilized, with respect to the corresponding values in vacuum. Also, HOMO-LUMO gap and hardness of C20†¦N2H2 complex in solution phase is more than gas phase. A good relationship between HOMO-LUMO gap and polarity of solvents (R2=0.954). The variations in this property may be illustrated by considering the fact that neutral or charged species enhance their effective radii in solution phase. This signifies that the electrostatic potential q/r will forever diminish from gas phase to solution phase. As a result, solvated species will reduce their effective hardness and subsequently become softer in the solution phase [24]. On the other hand, when the interaction between C20 and N2H2 increases, then the most hardness values have observed. There is a good linear correlation between interaction energies and hardness values (R2=0.949). Electrophilic charge transfer (ECT) of C20†¦N2H2 complex in gas and various solvents has been reported in Table 4. ECT is defined as the difference between à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Nmax values of interacting molecules: ECT = à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Nmax(N2H2) à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Nmax(C20) In this equation à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Nmax is defined as: The positive values of ECT reveal charge flow from C20 to N2H2. On the other hand, these values show the decreasing of charge transfer with increasing of solvent polarity. Hyperpolarizability It is illustrated that solvent polarity participate an important role on the first hyperpolarizabilities in dipolar molecules. The à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢tot , à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢x, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢y, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢z values of C20†¦N2H2 complex in different solvents have been listed in Table 5. These values indicate à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢tot values decrease from vacuum to solution phase (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢total=0.0 for C20). The dependence of the first hyperpolarizability of the studied compound both on the dielectric constant of the media and the Onsager function has been investigated [25]. Figure 4 is typical for a dipolar reaction field interaction in the salvation process [25-28]. Therefore, the electronic reorganization in solution for C20†¦N2H2 complex acts an important effect on the resulting first hyperpolarizabilities. Conclusion: We showed in paper: The interaction energies values increase from vacuum to different solvents. In solution, HOMO and LUMO energies, hardness and chemical potential values are increased, with respect to the corresponding values in vacuum. On the other hand, electrophilicty values have been decreased in solution phase. The largest à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢tot values have been found in more polartity, and these values increase from vacuum to different solvents. References: [1]J. C. Grossman, L. Mitas, K. Raghavachari, Phys. Rev. Lett., 750, 3870 (1995). [2]E. J. Bylaska, P. R. Taylor, R. Kawai, J. H. Weare, J. Phys. Chem. A, 100, 6966 (1996). [3]R. Taylor, E. Bylaska, J. H. Weare, R. Kawai, Chem. Phys. Lett, 235, 558 (1995). [4]Z. Wang, P. Day, R. Pachte, Chem. Phys. Lett., 248, 121 (1996). [5]M. L. M. Jan, J. El-Yazal, J. Francois, Chem. Phys. Lett. , 248, 345 (1996). [6]S. Sokolova, A. Luchow, J. B. Anderson, Chem. Phys. Lett. , 323, 229 (2000). [7]H. Prinzbach, A. Weiler, P. Landenberger, F. Wahl, J. Worth, L. T. Scott, M. D. Gelmont, D. Olevano, B. V. Issendorff, Nature, 60, 407 (2000). [8]J. Luo, L. M. Peng, Z. Q. Xue, J. L. Wu, J. Chem. Phys, 120, 7998 (2004). [9]Z. Chen, T. Heine, H. Jiao, A. Hirsch, W. Thiel, P. v. R. Schleyer, Chem. Eur. J. , 10, 963 (2004). [10]J. Taylor, H. Guo, J. Wang, Phys. Rev. B 63, 121104 (2001). [11]D. Zeng, H. Wang, B. Wang, J. G. Hou, Appl. Phys. Lett, 77, 3595 (2000). [12]C. Zhanga, W. Sun, Z. Caob, J. Chem. Physics, 126, 144306 (2007). [13]M. Z. Kassaee, F. Buazar, M. Koohi, Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM, 940, 19 (2010). [14]R. Ghiasi, M. Z. Fashami, J. Theo.Comput. Chem (2014). [15]M. J. Frisch, G. W. Trucks, H. B. Schlegel, G. E. Scuseria, M. A. Robb, J. R. Cheeseman, G. Scalman, V. Barone, B. Mennucci, G. A. Petersson, H. Nakatsuji, M. Caricato, X. Li, H. P. Hratchian, A. F. Izmaylov, J. Bloino, G. Zheng, J. L. Sonnenberg, M. Hada, M. Ehara, K. Toyota, R. Fukuda, J. Hasegawa, M. Ishida, T. Nakajima, Y. Honda, O. Kitao, H. Nakai, T. Vreven, J. A. Montgomery, Jr., J. E. Peralta, F. Ogliaro, M. Bearpark, J. J. Heyd, E. Brothers, K. N. Kudin, V. N. Staroverov, R. Kobayashi, J. Normand, K. Raghavachari, A. Rendell, J. C. Burant, S. S. Iyengar, J. Tomasi, M. Cossi, N. Rega, J. M. Millam, M. Klene, J. E. Knox, J. B. Cross, V. Bakken, C. Adamo, J. Jaramillo, R. Gomperts, R. E. Stratmann, O. Yazyev, A. J. Austin, R. Cammi, C. Pomelli, J. W. Ochterski, R. L. Martin, K. Morokuma, V. G. Zakrzewski, G. A. Voth, P. Salvador, J. J. Dannenberg, S. Dapprich, A. D. Daniels, O. Farkas, J. B. Foresman, J. V. Ortiz, J. Cioslowski, D. J. Fox, Revision A.02 ed., Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford CT, 2009. [16]R. Krishnan, J. S. Binkley, R. Seeger, J. A. Pople, J. Chem. Phys. , 72, 650 (1980). [17]A. J. H. Wachters, J. Chem. Phys., 52, 1033 (1970). [18]P. J. Hay, J. Chem. Phys. , 66, 4377 (1977). [19]A. D. McLean, G. S. Chandler, J. Chem. Phys., 72, 5639 (1980). [20]Y. Zhao, D. G. Truhla, J. Phys. 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The Noble Gases Essay -- essays research papers

The Noble Gases   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Noble Gases are the far right elements on the periodic table. On the earth they are scarce so we don ¹t see much of them. They are do not react well with anything. In fact until around the 50 ¹s they hadn ¹t found anything that they would react with any of the gases. But then someone found out that Fluorine one the of most reactive elements could form compounds with Xenon. Later they found that it could react with most of the other nobles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Helium is one of the more scarce nobles on earth but in the universe it makes up 25% of it. Helium ¹s presence was discovered by using spectral analysis to detect helium in the sun ¹s spectrum. Helium is not found a lo...

Kamprad’s Resourcefulness: Ikea

1. Kamprad’s careful stewardship of resources exemplifies his abilities as a manager. By practicing frugalness and economy, he was able to maximize profits by keeping costs low while also being able to continually innovate his growing company. While to some he may appear frugal, he has created a nest egg for economic downturn and well as creating a strong ethic of financial stewardship within his organization. Planning and problem solving became both the framework for IKEA and its source for innovation.As a leader, Kamprad again instilled his own personal values into every fiber of IKEA. Effective cost cutting, hard work, and dedication. Aside from just cutting costs however, being influenced by the Bauhaus movement he also wanted to combine cost saving with a sense of style. (Chaundey, 2000) In addition, the welfare of his employees has been a main concern. (Nelson and Quick, 2011) I believe that Kamprad was (and is) a strong leader and manager for IKEA, and I believe that th ese principles will be carried on in his sons to future success in the marketplace. 2.The followership of employees within IKEA can be directly linked to the Leadership Grid in Fig. 12. 1. (Nelson and Quick, 2011) From the structure of the grid, Kamprad would be a 9,9. Kamprad’s leadership style calls upon and motivates the team members within the company to take initiative and a personal stake in the company. They are hiring not just into a job but into a lifestyle and way of thinking. The combination of careful stewardship with concern for employee welfare creates an environment that gives employees both a responsibility and a sense of community. Etzioni, 1960) Thus IKEA employees are empowered and feel like they are part of something. In this way IKEA ends up with a staff of active independent, critical thinking individuals. (Nelson and Quick, 2011) This overall will drive employees to greater creativity and productivity for the company they care for and cares for them. 3. The case does not give specifics about Kamprad’s actions as a transactional leader, although the narrative would lead one to believe that they style would be uncharacteristic of him. Although Kamprad’s traits as a transformational leader are unquestionable.Kamprad has given employees not just a goal but a way of living. (Davis, 2006) Kamprad himself dresses simply, eats at cheap restaurants and flies economy class. (Chaundey, 2000) Kamprad innovated and redefined ways of doing business repeatedly throughout his tenure as CEO of IKEA. From the mission statement of ‘create a better everyday life for the many people’, IKEA has been built upon a pioneering spirit. (Gowan, 2009) By designed a business plan that allowed IKEA to work directly between manufacturers and customers to keep costs low. ibid. ) By designing the flat boxes and shipping furniture to customers that they assembled themselves, Kamprad has been able to keep cost down. It is these business te chniques along with his uncompromising ethics that he has instilled into the company and led it to greatness. Kamprad’s charisma is a quiet sort largely involving a ‘lead by example’ technique. Employees are drawn to Kamprad because of his strong ethics and personal adherence to them. Kamprad’s philosophy is not just words at board meetings but the way he lives his life.This gives employees a stronger sense of connection with the boss, as he is still very close to his modest roots. The lack of title and privilege within IKEA also reinforces this. (Davis, 2006) References Chaundy, Bob (2000) IKEA’s self-assembled billionaire. BBC News. July 28, 2000 Retrieved from news. bbc. co. uk Davis, Paul (2006) Billionaire Attributes – Modesty: Ingvar Kamprad, Ikea’s Founder and Owner. Retrieved from ezinearticles. com Etzioni, Amitai (1960) Two Approaches to Organizational Analysis: A Critique and a Suggestion.Administrative Science Quarterly, Vo l. 5, No. 2 Gawor, Katarzyna; Halasova, Sona; Polzin, Friedemann (2009) International Business Strategy of IKEA – Activities of the Multinational Furniture Retailer. University of Economics Bratislava Nelson, D. & Quick, J. (2011). Organizational Behavior: Science, the RealWorld, and You. (7th Ed. ) Mason, OH: South Western. Cengage Learning. Etzioni, Amitai (1960) Two Approaches to Organizational Analysis: A Critique and a Suggestion. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 2 Retrieved from www. amitaietzioni. org

Multiplexing and Data Rate Essays

Multiplexing and Data Rate Essays Multiplexing and Data Rate Essay Multiplexing and Data Rate Essay Multiplexing CHAPTER 4 Outline * Frequency Division Multiplexing(FDM) * Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing * Statistical Time Division Multiplexing * Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line(ADSL) Multiplexing * Set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single link * allows several transmission sources to share a larger transmission capacity Link = physical path Channel = portion of a link that carries a transmission between a given pairs of lines 2 CATEGORY OF MULTIPLEXING WDM FDM TDM ADSL Frequency Division Multiplexing * FDM – numerous signals are combined for ransmission on a single communications line or channel. Each signal is assigned a different frequency (subchannel) within the main channel. * Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required bandwidth of channel * e. g. broadcast radio and cable television * Channel allocated even if no data Frequency Division Multiplexing Diagram * Each signal is modulat ed to a different carrier frequency * Carrier frequencies separated by guard bands (unused bandwidth) – to prevent interference so signals do not overlap. 3 FDM System FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that combines signals. FDM process FDM Demultiplexing Example 1 Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4 KHz. We need to combine three voice channels into a link with a bandwidth of 12 KHz, from 20 to 32 KHz. Show the configuration using the frequency domain without the use of guard bands. Solution Shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a different bandwidth, as shown in next figure Example 2 Five channels, each with a 100-KHz bandwidth, are to be multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 KHz between the channels to prevent interference? Solution For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. This means that the required bandwidth is at least 5 x 100 + 4 x 10 = 540 KHz, as shown in next Figure. Example 3 Four data channels (digital), each transmitting at 1 Mbps, use a satellite channel of 1 MHz. Design an appropriate configuration using FDM Solution The satellite channel is analog. We divide it into four channels, each channel having a 250-KHz bandwidth. Each digital channel of 1 Mbps is modulated such that each 4 bits are modulated to 1 Hz. One solution is 16- QAM modulation. Figure 6. 8 shows one possible configuration. Analog Carrier Systems ATT (USA) * Hierarchy of FDM schemes * Group 1. 12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz 2. Range 60kHz to 108kHz * Supergroup 1. 60 channel 2. FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 420kHz and 612 kHz * Mastergroup 1. 10 supergroups Analog Hierarchy To maximize the efficiency infrastructure, multiplexed signals from lower bandwidth lines onto higher-bandwidth signals FDM of Th ree Voiceband Signals FDM Applications 1. Common used radio broadcasting AM and FM * AM (530 – 1700KHz) – shared with all radio stations * FM uses a wider band (88 – 108MHz) – each station needs more bandwidth, 200KHz 2. Television Broadcasting * Each TV channel has own bandwidth of 6 Mhz 3. 1st Generation of Cellular telephones * Voice signal 3KHz (300 – 3300Hz) channels * Bt = 10 x Bm , therefore each channel has 30KHz channels * each user has been allocated two 30KHz channel, therefore 60KHz. Example 4 The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two bands. The first band, 824 to 849 MHz, is used for sending; and 869 to 894 MHz is used for receiving. Each user has a bandwidth of 30 KHz in each direction. The 3 5 Four 1-Kbps connections are multiplexed together. A unit is 1 bit. Find : (1) the duration of 1 bit before multiplexing, (2) the transmission rate of the link, (3) the duration of a time slot, and (4) the duration of a frame? Solution We can answer the questions as follows: 1. The duration of 1 bit is 1/1 Kbps, or 0. 001 s (1 ms). 2. The rate of the link is 4 Kbps. 3. The duration of each time slot 1/4 ms or 250 ms. 4. The duration of a frame 1 ms. Interleaving switches are synchronized and rotate at the same speed but opposite direction process of sending a unit data onto the path when the connection on the multiplexing and de 6 Four channels are multiplexed using TDM. If each channel sends 100 bytes/s and we multiplex 1 byte per channel, show the frame traveling on the link, the size of the frame, the duration of a frame, the frame rate, and the bit rate for the link. Solution The multiplexer is shown in Figure 6 Example 7 A multiplexer combines four 100 8 We have four sources, each creating 250 characters per second. If the interleaved unit is a character and 1 synchronizing bit is added to each frame, find (1) the data rate of each source, (2) the duration of each character in each source, (3) the frame rate, (4) the duration of each frame, (5) the number of bits in each frame, and (6) the data rate of the link. Solution Answer as follows: 1. The data rate of each source is 250 x 8 = 2000 bps = 2 Kbps. 2. The duration of a character is 1/250 s = 4 ms. 3. The link needs to send 250 frames per second. 4. The duration of each frame is 1/250 = 4 ms. 5. Each frame is 4 x 8 + 1 = 33 bits. 6. The data rate of the link is 250 x 33 = 8250 bps. Example 9 Two channels, one with a bit rate of 100 Kbps and another with a bit rate of 200 Kbps, are to be multiplexed. How this can be achieved? What is the frame rate? What is the frame duration? What is the bit rate of the link? Solution We can allocate one slot to the first channel and two slots to the second channel. Each frame carries 3 bits. The frame rate is 100,000 frames per second because it carries 1 bit from the first channel. The frame duration is 1/100,000 = 10 ms. The bit rate is 100,000 frames/s x 3 bits/frame = 300 Kbps. Pulse Stuffing * Problem Synchronizing various data sources * Each source has separate clock, variation among clock cause loss synchronization * Data rates from different sources not related by simple rational number * Solution Pulse Stuffing as effective remedy * Outgoing data rate (excluding framing bits) higher than sum of incoming rates * Stuff extra dummy bits or pulses into each ncoming signal until it matches local clock * Stuffed pulses inserted at fixed locations in frame and removed at demultiplexer TDM of Analog and Digital Sources Digital Carrier Systems * Long distance carrier system * Designed to transmit voice signal over high capacity transmission lonks usuch as optical fiber, coax and microwave * ATT developed hierarchy of TDM structures of various capacities * USA/Canada/Japan use one system * ITU-T use a similar (but different) system * US system based on DS-1 format which Multiplexes 24 channels * Each frame has 8 bits per channel plus one raming bit, 24 x 8 +1 =193 bits per frame Digital Carrier Systems (2) * For voice each channel contains one word of digitized data (using PCM at 8000 samples per sec) * Data rate 8000193 = 1. 544Mbps * Five out of six frames have 8 bit PCM samples * Sixth frame is 7 bit PCM word plus signaling bit * Signaling bits form stream for each channel containing control and routing info * Same format for digital data * 23 channels of data * 7 bits per frame plus indicator bit for data or systems control * 24th channel is sync DS Hierarchy TDM Carrier Standard North American and International TDM Carrier Standards Statistical TDM * In Synchronous TDM many slots are wasted * Statistical TDM allocates time slots dynamically based on demand * Multiplexer scans input lines and collects data until frame full * Data rate on line lower than aggregate rates of input lines * Improve efficiency is to allow multiple data resources to be packed in one single frame Statistical TDM Frame Formats Performance * Output data rate less than aggregate input data rates cause by average amount of input capacity of multiplexed line * Difficulty: May cause problems during peak periods when the input exceed capacity * Solution Buffer inputs to hold temporary excess input * Keep buffer size to minimum to reduce delay Cable Modem Outline * To support data transfer to and from a cable modem, two channels from cable TV provider dedicated to data transfer * One in each direction * Each channel shared by number of subscribers * Scheme needed to allocate capacity * Statistical TDM Cable Modem Operation Downstream * Cable sc heduler delivers data in small packets * If more than one subscriber active, each gets fraction of downstream capacity May get 500kbps to 1. 5Mbps * Also used to allocate upstream time slots to subscribers Upstream * User requests timeslots on shared upstream channel Dedicated slots for this * Headend scheduler sends back assignment of future time slots to subscriber Cable Modem Scheme Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line ADSL Link between subscriber and network * Local loop Uses currently installed twisted pair cable * Can carry broader spectrum * 1 MHz or more ADSL Design Asymmetric -Greater capacity downstream than upstream -Expected for video on demand and related services – high speed access -Users require higher capacity for downstream than upstream Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) element of ADSL strategy Reserve lowest 25kHz for voice – Plain old telephone service (POTS) – Voice carried only 0 – 4KHz band – Additional bandwidth for prevent crosstalk between voice and data channel Use echo cancellation or FDM to give two bands – smaller upstream band and larger downstream band Use FDM within upstream and downstream bands  œ Single bit stream multiple parallel bit streams – each portion carried separate frequency band Range up to 5. 5km -Depending of diameter cables and quality ADSL Channel Configuration Discrete Multitone * DMT * Use multiple carrier signals at different requencies * Sending some bits on each channel * Available transmission band =4kHz subchannels * Send test signal and use subchannels with better signal to noise ratio * ASL/DMT design employ 256 downstream subchannels at 4kHz (60kbps) * Possible to transmit at rate15. 36MHz * Impairments bring this down to 1. 5Mbps to 9Mbps DTM Bits Per Channel Allocation Each channel can carry data rate from 0-60 Kbps Shows increasing attenuation and decreasing signalto- noise ratio at higher frequencies DMT Transmitter xDSL * High data rate DSL * Single line DSL * Very high data rate DSL

Summary on Starbucks Essays - Food And Drink, Coffee In Seattle

Summary on Starbucks Essays - Food And Drink, Coffee In Seattle Summary on Starbucks Management style In this report we would like to analyze Starbucks's management style and how does the inside environment effect us from the psychological point of view. Starbucks is one of the most popular coffee shops across the world. There are 2,200 stores in different countries and company has the largest market share in the industry. How does Starbucks control all the coffee shops and how does it remain one of the best? This is where the great management style and theory come, because it is not enough to just have a great coffee, but you should also have friendly, proffessional and moreover motivated staff who will make people to come again. According to the researches and different reports in every store there is a Store Manager, Assistant Manager, Shift Supervisors and number of Baristas. Corparate organisation is tall with four management levels. After visiting Starbucks we have mentioned that there is never only one person who is doing all the job. In fact there are at least 2 people, one who is taking the orders and stand on the till and another who prepares the coffee and pastyes. According to the researches Starbucks has Laissez Faire management style. A laisses faire manager sets the tasks and gives staff complete freedom to complete the task as they see fit. There is minimal involvement from the manager. The manager however does not sit idle and watch them work. He or she is there to coach or answer questions, supply information if required. There are benefits, staff again are developed to take responsibility which may lead to improved motivation. However with little direct guidance from the manager staff may begin to feel lost and not reach the goals originally set within the time frame. As it can be seen there are advantages and disadvantages of this management style. From the real life experience we can say that for Starbucks it is both. The reasons for that are there wasn't very clean when we first visited coffee shop, which maybe because of minimum manager involvment which leaves staff to make decisions for themself where if there would have been more manager control staff will know exactly when to clean. Another obvious disadvantage of employees being left by there own is that the first cups of coffee were not hot, which probably could have never happend if manager would have checked the quality of cooffee that employees make. On the other hand it is worth to mention that because of such management style, employees feel very relaxed, friendly and kind. There is not much control, pressior or components from autocratic management style which makes employees feel that they are responsible and gives them more motivation which leads to an opportunity to develop their managemet skills. Employees in Starbucks were happy to answer questions and were very friendly and polite, which can be proved by the long qeue in just 10 minutes. It can be seen that they feel as a part of the company. Affects of the atmosphere on psychology A product so cheap and so simple has been revolutionized by the Starbucks coffee chain. Starbucks has created a new lifestyle for people. The Starbucks stores don't just sell coffee; they sell an atmosphere. An atmosphere of people gathered together and talking. The atmosphere is simply contagious. Starbuchs is the business wih the idea of the sit down atmosphere and not only applied the concept to the winter time and hot coffee, but they expanded the idea to include every season during the year. This includes "iced" and "cold" lattes with different flavours which gives a big range of products. The creative names for the lattes and drinks of the menu are mouth watering, this indeed makes us to buy it because the name attracts us. Coming back to the idea of the Starbucks atmosphere which plays such a large role in its success, the whole setting of the store is lovely and relaxing. The lights are slightly dimmed and small round tables are placed throughout the store to facilitate conversation between people. The colours which were used in the Starbucks which we visited were mostly dark brown and very dark green. According to the scientific researches colours affect our mood without us realising it. Green colour is is belived to bring harmony,balance and rest. This combination of effects on our psychology is very important because it makes us to relaxe and have a good chat with our friend. Brown is the colour of warmth, reliability and support which makes us to stay longer

Handout Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Handout Assignment - Coursework Example Additionally, the paper will also suggest a range of ideas for illustrating the story about Hybrid Homes in different social media. It is important to note that any illustration should be captivating so that it attracts attention of the target group (Baran and Davis, 2011, p. 334), and appealing in order to leave a lasting effect on the viewer. Baran and Davis go on to explain that it is not by effective planning of every aspect of journalism inquiry that one can guarantee chances of success in what one set out to find out (p. 224). These scholars give other insights of some of the tactical ways in which to play the investigatory role of journalism in such a way that your guest may not immediately be aware that the questions are also investigatory. Your company has also been able to complete projects in the United Kingdom, working on projects such as building schools, housing and light industrial buildings. What do you think made Hybrid Homes win these bids? Have you ever had the desire to contribute towards reduction in global carbon emissions? Have ever you wished to have your operations run using clean and affordable energy? Hybrid Homes may just be just the solution. The company whose branch has been in operation in Newtown for the last six years deals in zero rated carbon buildings for construction. It has a long history of success that stretches far and wide. In a millennium where we are faced with dangers of global warming, Hybrid Homes has made tangible attempts to work on a comprehensive environmental friendly production. The company produces modern building materials ranging from prefabricated panels specifically designed for local environment of each region. The genius behind the huge success is architect James Brickhouse in conjunction with company managing director Craig Dunmore and development manager

Easy A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Easy A - Essay Example The next Monday, the two goes to the bathroom, and Rhiannon asks about Olive’s encounter with the college student. Olive lies that she lost her virginity with the fictitious boyfriend on the same weekend. Marianne (Amanda Bynes) overheard the conversation. She then proceeded to spread the rumor about Olive’s promiscuity (Devine, Easy A). Marianne, the religious fanatic, and the school’s chastity queen, blames Olive unexpectedly about her promiscuity. Olive wears a cloth of a notorious student. During the English class, she identifies herself as Hester Prynne, the woman condemned by her neighbors in the novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne (Devine, Easy A). Olive confides the truth to her bullied gay friend, Brandon, suggesting to her to lie that he had slept with a girl. Brandon asks for help from Olive, and the two pretends to have had sex in a party. Olive’s reputation degrades. Outcast boys offer to pay Olive so as to improve their image too (Devine, Easy A). Her new power even worked for adults. The teacher Mr. Griffith, and his estranged wife, the guidance counselor who ends up entangled in embarrassments. She finally lost control of the situation and had to take an attitude to revert it. The main female character is Olive Penderghast. The real name of the actor is Emma Stones. In the film, she makes an innocent lie to avoid camping with her best friend, Rhiannon, together with her weird parents. She claims she had gone on a date while she had spent the weekend doing tedious things like singing alone in the room, painting her nails and the nails of her dog (Devine, Easy A). Another female character is Marianne, Amanda Bynes. She is the righteous religious girl in the film. She lights the fuse on olive’s lie and goes ahead in spreading it. Rhiannon, Aly Michalka, is also a female character in the film. She sets peak in the play (Devine, Easy A). Olive Penderghast, the virgin high school girl, never wanted to

Performance Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Performance Evaluation - Essay Example Thirdly, there are strong evidences found which represent the inclusion of an element of biasness and partiality in evaluating the performance of the personnel, which in turn may lead to significant deviations from the actual performance of the personnel. Traits are defined as the properties and characteristics of any given person’s personality. Every person always keeps and carries all personality traits with him/her such that these traits become inseparable from the personality of the person. In evaluating the performance of an employee, the personality traits do have their importance as they actually demonstrate what the personality of the employee is all about (Dessler 2010). Is he/she charming, extrovert, sharp, lazy, or arrogant etc? Behaviors are the particular course of action that a person demonstrates in a particular situation. Behaviors are more concerned with the physical activities and dealings that a person displays given the overall theme or mood of a particular environment. These behaviors are also affected by the mood and emotions of the person as well. For instance, the employee may reflect a careless behavior in the work environment which would be referred to as his behavior, but what actually is causing him to behave in such a weird manner, might be the family issues, financial issues or any other issue (Dessler 2010). Job results are the actual outcomes that are achieved as a result of performing a specific task or duty. Whatever task or duty assigned to the worker, is judged by the ultimate outcome or result of that particular task (Dessler 2010). For example, if an employee is assigned to draft a particular report, the ultimate outcome or result of that task would be the final draft report to be handed over to the supervisor. What actually matters to any organization are the results obtained by the employees. Only those organizations prosper and remain successful in developing a result-oriented culture in their

Effects of Foreign Direct Investment Essay Example for Free

Effects of Foreign Direct Investment Essay The possible positive and  negative effects of FDI  inflows Ing. Tomà ¡Ã… ¡ Dudà ¡Ã… ¡, PhD. Possible positive effects FDI provides capital which is usually missing  in the target country Long term capital is suitable for economic  development Foreign investors are able to finance their  investments projects better and often cheaper Foreign corporations create new workplaces Possible positive effects FDI bring new technologies that are usually  not available in the target country. There is empirical evidence that there are spillover effects as the new technologies usually spread beyond the foreign corporations Foreign corporations provide better access to  foreign markets Ex. Foreign corporations can provide useful  contacts even for their domestic subcontractors Possible positive effects Foreign corporations bring new know-how and  managerial skills into the target country Again, there is a spill-over effects – as people leave the corporations they leave with the knowledge and know-how  they accumulated Foreign corporations can help to change the economic  structure of the target country With a good economic strategy governments can attract  companies from promising and innovative sectors Possible positive effects â€Å"Crowding in† effect The foreign corporations often bring additional  investors into the target country (ex. their usual subcontractors) Foreign corporations improve the business  environment of the target country Ethical business or rules of conduct Possible positive effects Foreign corporations bring new â€Å"clean†Ã‚  technologies that help to improve the  environmental conditions Foreign corporations usually help increase the  level of wages in the target economy Foreign corporations usually have a positive  effects on the trade balance Possible negative effects Foreign corporations may buy a local company  in order to shut it down (and gain monopoly  for example) â€Å"Crowding out† effect We can see this effect if the foreign corporations  target the domestic market and domestic  corporations are not able to compete with these  corporations Possible negative effects Foreign corporations may cut working  positions (privatization deals or MA  transactions) Foreign corporations have a tendency to use  their usual suppliers which can lead to  increased imports (no problem if the  production is export driven) Possible negative effects Repatriation of the profits can be stressful on the  balance of payments The high growth of wages in foreign corporations  can influence a similar growth in the domestic  corporations which are not able to cover this growth  with the growth of productivity  The result is the decreasing competitiveness of domestic  companies Possible negative effects Missing tax revenues If the foreign corporations receive tax holidays or  similar provisions The emergence of a dual economy The economy will contain a developed foreign  sector and an underdeveloped domestic sector Possible negative effects Possible environmental damage  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Incentive tourism†

Garrett Hardin In lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against The Poor Essay

Garrett Hardin in "Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against the Poor" Garrett Hardin writes about saving the poor in his essay "Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against the Poor" found in The Blair Reader. Hardin writes about how the rich countries are in the lifeboat and the poor countries are swimming in the ocean. He also writes about how the United States helps other countries. Hardin feels that if the government keeps helping other countries and letting people in then America will also drown. "We must convince them if we wish to save at least part of the world form environmental ruin"(page 765). Why should I help the poor countries? Why should I let the immigrants in? I see no reason for helping someone that is not an American. These non Americans are taking my hard-working money that they did not earn. I am tired of the United States of America giving my money to the poor countries. The government is giving these people my money for which I worked hard. The government does not ask for my permission to give these people my money. By letting these people on our lifeboat the government is drowning us all. "If we do let an extra 10 people in our lifeboat, we will have lost our 'safety factor,' an engineering principle of critical importance" (page 757). I cannot take a chance in helping people if it is going to put me in risk. Instead of giving the money to non Americans it should be used only in America. The money used to help the poorer countr...

Decision-Making Model Essay

The human decision-making process has been described by the development of several frameworks. The alternative for the maximize utility of the decision is selected by a fully informed, as well as, knowledgeable decision maker in the Rational Model. A satisfactory decision alternative is sought by the decision maker due to the causes of time, information, and space constraints according to the Bounder Rationality Model. It is hypothesized by the Organizational Model that available procedures are used by the decision maker for the solution of problems of decisions in a continuously updated organizational memory. Conflicting values and interests are confronted by the decision makers in the Muddling through Model, and an incremental improvement in the outcome is achieved by the selection of alternative with minimal organizational changes. An intermeshing of problems, solutions, and decision maker interest are represented by decisions that are forced by social and political factors in an anarchistic environment according to the Garbage Can Model. The criteria are met best by the identification of alternative with the use of relationship that is made between the criteria, events, and alternative by the decision maker in the Classical Decision Theory Model. During the selection process, conflicting constraints can be confronted by the decision maker, as intangible or tangible criteria would have to be dealt in uncertain events. The situation is assessed, a single alternative is generated and evaluated, and alternative for a satisfactory solution of the problem is selected by the decision makers according to the Naturalistic Decision-Making Model. Outcomes of the decision-making process are focused by some of the proposed models like Classical and Rational Decision Theory formulations. A limited set of decision activities is highlighted by other models like Bounded Rationality Models and Naturalistic Decision-Making Models. A comprehensive and integrated view of decision-making has been offered by none of the proposals. In addition, not all the situations of the decision-making can be applied with any formulations of these proposals. For instance, operational and tactical decisions can be applied with the Organizational Model. However, strategic decisions cannot be applied with this model due to incomplete understanding of the problem, as well as, limited availability of the knowledge of the problem. In this regard, the most popular model of the human decision-making process has been the three-phase paradigm of design, intelligence, and choice by the Simon. Virtually, all other proposed frameworks have been implied by this most general paradigm. However, an implementation phase of the Simon’s formulation has been concluded with the expansion of such scrutiny. Reality is observed by the decision maker during the intelligence phase. A fundamental understanding regarding the existing problems, as well as, new opportunities is gained by the maker. In addition, the general quantitative and qualitative information is acquired by the decision maker for the addressing of different opportunities, as well as, the problems. In the design phase, a specific and precise model is developed by the decision-maker, by which, the discovered problems and opportunities are examined systematically. Decision alternatives, uncontrollable events, criteria, and numerical, as well as, symbolic relationships will be consist in this model. The ensuing choice phase constitutes of the generation of recommended actions from the evaluation of the specified alternatives by the usage of explicit models logically. The analyses and recommendations are pondered by the decision maker during the subsequent implementation phase. In this regard, the consequences are weighed, and sufficient confidence is gained in the decision-making process. In addition, an implementation plan is developed, financial, human, and material resources are secured, the plan is put into the action. After the implementation of the final choice, the new reality should be observed by the decision maker. In addition, intelligence, design, choice, and implementation should be regarded and followed by the decision maker. Moreover, the need for revisions at preceding phases might be suggested by the phase’s analyses. For instance, adjustments of the previous design might be necessitated by the analyses during the choice. Conceptually, individual or group decision-making is applied with the decision-making process in the same manner. In practice, the communication-intensive aspects of cooperative problem solving must be accommodated by the group decision-making. In addition, voting, ranking, rating, and other consensus-developing methodologies should be supported by the usage of structured techniques. Group and organizational collaboration support should be provided by the development of this consensus. Decision-making model can be operated by the use of a variety of measures. Outcomes are dealt by some measures, and process outcomes are involved by the others. Positive decision outcomes can include: Increases in returns, costs reduction, and increment in the flow of information are some of the examples of the gains in the performance of the organization. When the understanding of a person regarding a current problem, as well as, its solution is developed, the decision-maker’s maturity develops. In addition, the improvement of the general problem-solving skills also results in the maturation of the decision-maker. Objectively, recording can be done regarding the number of opportunities, problems, as well as, alternatives. Experts, as well as, person’s evaluations can assess such efforts and subjective assessments. In expert’s evaluations, practice would be observed by the experienced decision makers and the examinee’s efforts will be rated. In this regard, a structured rating form will be used for its support. The examinees are used by the directed self-examinations, and a facilitator is used for the purpose of guidance. In some decision-making situations, the improvement of the organizational performance becomes impossible due to the competition, internal restrictions, external constraints, and several other factors. Under these circumstances, the main decision outcome will be the learning, training, and various other beneficial side effects during the maturation of the decision maker. Process Enhancements in the ability of a person or group are involved in the process improvements for the implementation of the phases and steps in the decision-making process. Experts, as well as, person’s evaluations can assess such efforts and with the help of subjective assessments. In expert’s evaluations, practice would be observed by the experienced decision makers and the proficiency of the examinee during each phase and step of the decision-making process will be rated. In this regard, a structured rating form will be used for its support. The examinees are used by the directed self-examinations, and a facilitator is used for the purpose of guidance. The use of accounting tools is involved in the process tracing, in which, the decision aid is embedded for the recording, as well as, reporting of the actions of the examinee during the decision-making process. In addition, the process enhancements may be manifested through: The time that is needed during the structuring of the problem by the user is reduced in a hike in personal efficiency. In addition, in a given time period, the number of alternatives is increased during the evaluation of the user, which is also an example of the hike in personal efficiency. The time of the decision-making is reduced, and the amount of pertinent information is increased from the decision-making is an improvement in the personal productivity. Objectively, recording can be done regarding the time and number of evaluated alternatives. Expert, as well as, direct self-evaluations by the activity of an individual or group can assess the amount of pertinent information, wisdom, and knowledge, that is, subjective assessments. In any particular management situation, more importance might be given to the support for some phases, as compared with the support for others. The process should be improved for at least the relevant phases by a given aid in the decision-making process. The decision outcome and process measures have been summarized in the Table 1. In addition, the measurements have been obtained by the available approaches, which have also been summarized in the table. As such, a series of guidelines has been offered by the table for the operation of the decision-making process. For instance, the implementation phase of the decision-making process consists of confidence and commitment of the decision maker. The performance of the decision maker during these steps is measured by the process tracing, expert ratings, and directed self-evaluations, as indicated by the Table 1.