Argumentative Essay World Civ

Argumentative Essay on Olaudah Equiano Upon doing further research, Olaudah Equiano was absolutely born in Africa! He was kidnapped and sold into slavery when he was just a young boy. His vivid accounts, as he was sold from trader to trader, are so moving and heartfelt. No one could express such deep sympathy for the multitude of other black slaves had he not been there during the experience. The following few paragraphs will explain just how he came to be sold into slavery and some of the things that he saw while he was being traded and shipped from place to place.Olaudah Equiano was born in 1745 in what is now eastern Nigeria. Life in his village was typical of the times. Families worked together to cultivate corn, cotton, yams, and beans. Men herded cattle and goats. Women spun and wove cotton. Equiano’s father was a distinguished clan elder and judge in the community. It was a position that Equiano was in line to inherit one day. That never happened. Equiano, when a boy, w as kidnapped and sold into slavery. Sold from trader to trader, he did not meet Europeans until he reached the coast.Years later, he described his impressions: â€Å"The first object which saluted my eyes when I arrived on the coast was the sea, and a slave ship which was then riding at anchor and waiting for its cargo. These filled me with astonishment, which was soon converted into terror when I was carried on board. I was immediately handled and tossed up to see if I were sound by some of the crew, and I was now persuaded that I had gotten into a world of bad spirits and that they were going to kill me. Looking about him, Equiano saw â€Å"a multitude of black people of every description chained together, every one of their countenances expressing dejection and sorrow. † Overwhelmed, he fainted. Fellow Africans revived him and tried to comfort him. Equiano says: â€Å"I asked them if we were not to be eaten by those white men. † Equiano was shipped to Barbados, the n to Virginia, and later to England. Purchased by a ship’s captain, he traveled widely. He learned to read and write, eventually bought his freedom, and played a leading role in the movement to abolish slavery in Britain.In 1789 he published the story of his life, one of the few accounts (and possibly the best) written about the slave trade by an African victim of it. Millions of other Africans were not so fortunate. Torn from their homes and families, they were shipped across the Atlantic in conditions of great cruelty. They, along with the children they bore, were bought and sold like cattle and forced to toil without pay to increase the wealth of strangers. Most had no rights and could be punished, abused, or even killed at the whim of their owners. For most of those oppressed, the only deliverance from slavery was death.

Extended Trial Balance Essay

The extended trial balance works in very much the same way as the trial balance except that there are a few adjustments to make after which you can then separate out the entries that belong to the balance sheet and which belong to the income statement. The extended trial balance is used for making adjustments to the accounts at the end of an accounting period. The reason for this is because of the matching principle of accounting, where revenues are matched with expenses in the accounting period in which they were incurred; adjusting entries need to be made. These adjusting entries account for such things as expenses that have been incurred but not yet paid, revenues that have been earned but not yet recorded, and depreciation on equipment. Using the extended trial balance also ensures that the full double entry method is used correctly to each adjustment without having the wait for the adjustments to be written into the ledger Example of extended The picture shows that company have made a profit of $3,500 and also the document is ready for the end of the accounting period. However, if the columns above did not equal, the company would have to look to see what error has been made. In the picture you can see extended trial balance with the adjustments and extended figures made and the totals of the columns show to agree. If you are an accountant and you will be using this extended trial balance, you will be able to calculate whether the company has made profit or a loss. From this picture, you can also see that the accountant set up extended trial balance and added the adjustments which included salaries expenses, accounts receivable and revenue. When the adjustments were made the total for each pair of columns (debit and credit) should equal each other which have shown to be true in the table.

Promotion plan for increasing attendance at a minor league baseball Essay

Promotion plan for increasing attendance at a minor league baseball game - Essay Example Because of the existence of multiple number of minor league baseball games in the same country, the marketers for these baseball leagues often try to implement a series of promotion tactics so as to lure the fans of the baseball games. Some of the promotional tactics that are used by the marketers for increasing the popularity of the baseball games comprises of night time fireworks, concessions on fooding items. Also, some marketers focus on executing promotions by conducting three legged races as well as various other contests for children. Also, organizing of concerts, comedy, magic acts are performed to lure the interest of the sports fans for the minor league baseball games (Anderson, â€Å"Not So Minor Attractions†). However, to present a unique kind of promotional campaign in this case, focus has to be given to design a campaign which is different from the existing promotional clutter. The promotional idea that will be recommended in this case will be a mix of both online and offline medium. Selecting the Promotional Approach While designing the promotion for the league baseball games, the SMART objectives that were designed have to be considered. The SMART objectives focused on raising the level of popularity as well as the sale of merchandises from the gift shops.... Also, some marketers focus on executing promotions by conducting three legged races as well as various other contests for children. Also, organizing of concerts, comedy, magic acts are performed to lure the interest of the sports fans for the minor league baseball games (Anderson, â€Å"Not So Minor Attractions†). However, to present a unique kind of promotional campaign in this case, focus has to be given to design a campaign which is different from the existing promotional clutter. The promotional idea that will be recommended in this case will be a mix of both online and offline medium. Selecting the Promotional Approach While designing the promotion for the league baseball games, the SMART objectives that were designed have to be considered. The SMART objectives focused on raising the level of popularity as well as the sale of merchandises from the gift shops. Since the expected fans of the baseball games will be mostly young parents and kids who will fall in the category of Gen X and Gen Y category, hence to develop a connect with them, the online medium will be used. Promotion of the event will be carried out in the online networking sites by creating a Facebook Page and thereby providing updates about the latest happening for the minor baseball league games. Also, the Facebook Page can be used to conduct online contests targeted towards the young audience and thereby distributing rewards and freebies to the contest winners. This will help in boosting the interest and attendance rate for the games. Also, the traditional advertising medium can be used as a support process for increasing the awareness and interest for the baseball games of the minor league. For doing promotions using the traditional medium, the marketer can

Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Terrorism - Essay Example FARC is a Marxist-Leninist self-proclaimed organization which aims to get hold of the country’s wealth by overthrowing the Colombian government (Zalman, n.d.). The Baluchistan Liberation Army (BLA) is one of the main ethno-nationalist terrorist groups based in Baluchistan, which is a province of Pakistan. The aim of BLA is to gain independence from the parent country in order to protect rights of the local people (Chossudovsky, 2007). BLA has been involved in a number of human rights violations and terrorist activities, such as, brutal torture, bomb attacks, extrajudicial executions, and enforced disappearances. A number of cases have occurred in which the militants of the Baluchistan Liberation Army have attacked innocent civilians and have shot them to death after torturing them brutally. The attack on the founder of Pakistan’s residency in 2013, commonly known as Jinnah residency, was also carried out by the militants of the Baluchistan Liberation Army (Reuters,

Sony versus Hotz court case and decision Article

Sony versus Hotz court case and decision - Article Example His hacking also enabled him to have access to the PlayStation 3’s processor. It was Hotz’s actions that made Sony take him to court. Through the lawsuit, Sony sought to get a temporary restraining order against Hotz. Sony sued Hotz for allegedly violating the Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA), being involved in decryption of keys, and violating the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. At some point, the court granted Sony temporary injunction against Hotz. This was to prevent him from making public, information about how he hacked into the PlayStation 3 console. The court also granted Sony the right to know all those who had visited the website of the hacker (Hotz). After a long court battle, the matter was finally settled out of court when both parties reached an agreement based on certain terms and conditions. Hotz agreed to stop distributing the files he used to hack into PlayStation 3 and swore not to repeat the same actions ever again (Grazzini, 2011). In my opinion, the ruling whereby Hotz was required to stop publishing information about the files he used to hack into the PlayStation 3 was fair. This was because Hotz broke the law by hacking into the PlayStation 3 and deserved to be punished for it. I am of the opinion that he should have gotten a stricter punishment. The decision of the court to allow Sony to know all those who had visited Hotz website was not fair because it would infringe on the privacy of others. I do not think it was the visitors were on the wrong. They simply accessed information that had been put online for the public to

Hellenistic Art Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hellenistic Art - Personal Statement Example Each of these generals co-opted the art of the time to display the unique influences that their particular kingdoms engendered. However, the unifying mark that united these differing pieces is the gigantism and baroque nature that the art oftentimes entails. However, this was taken to such an unbelievable extreme that the art lost a great deal of its appeal and became overtly tacky. As a result, gone was the era of the muted and reserved art forms of the classical era. As previously stated, the art form of the Hellenistic period was anything but restrained. Rather than showing the ideals of human and godly actions/virtues, Hellenistic art focused on the very extreme. As such the art oftentimes showed individuals in the throes of mortal combat, characters prostrating themselves in various poses, defeated warriors downing poison, men overcome by fear, the loss of honor in death, and many other such expressive/explosive emotions. In this way details such as the forcefulness of the action or circumstances and the violence of the movements associated with these are amplified. Interestingly, although the same can be said for the mosaics other art forms, the pottery and other earthen rare remained largely unchanged and muted. One could reasonably expect that this was the result of the fact that the artists were attempting to extol the highest degrees of grandeur in the public displays of Hellenistic art; whereas the more muted domestic settings required art forms that did not necessarily need to be so bold and overbearing.

MPH503, Infertility and Public Health, Mod 5 Case Assignment Essay

MPH503, Infertility and Public Health, Mod 5 Case Assignment - Essay Example Issues with infertility are painful psychologically as well as physically. There is always the self defining issue of "what is wrong with me?" The reduction in self esteem is very difficult to deal with and when family who are supposed to be support dont understand what is wrong but what the couple is going through, it becomes even more difficult (Schneider, 2005). Further, much of the treatments are painful and sometimes embarrassing so there is much stress related to the treatments for both of members of this couple. There are many things that can be done for support for this couple. Trying to get them involved in a support group, however, is probably one of the most important as no one can really understand their issues as well as someone else with the same type issues. This allows them to talk about them with a group of people that feel the same way and will not tell them to go on vacation and everything will be better. Focused counseling is shown to help when it is couple targeted as shown in a study completed by Glover, McLillan, and Weaver (2008). There is some controversy in the literature about the type of support that is given to a couple undergoing in vitro fertilization. According to Knoll, Kuenti, and Bauer, (2008) some kinds of support may turn out to be more detrimental than helpful. Women seem to benefit from a different kind of help than their spouses. Women seems to do best with emotional support while men do best with instrumental support. Neither kind of support in the literature seems to make as big a difference in stress levels as groups involvement as in support groups. One of the recommended approaches is to help the couple look at and find new meaning for their life goals. This is sometimes best done in discussion with people that have been through the same issues as they have. Those couples that have been in trial for 5 years or more and are still unsuccessful need this kind of help more than

Compare between two companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compare between two companies - Essay Example This is also evident in HRM where the two words are mostly used in the same context. However, the two words have different precisions in that training stands as both a segment of as well as a pre-condition for training. Training entails the changing of behaviors of non-managers and this may be through such efforts as vocational education among others (Noe, 2002). Conversely, development would be involves building managers whether individually or as a group for future needs. Development does not focus upon immediate needs but rather future demands. Building employees at an individual level entails such actions as mentoring them as well as conducting a self-analysis of each employee personally. Contrary, developing workers as groups would includes letting them engage in outdoor trainings meant to increase their competence. Therefore, whereas training focuses on imparting employees with skills to tackle their current tasks, development focuses upon future engagements. Training arises ou t of various needs that a company may point out. For example, training may be to ascertain that employees match with the procedures stipulated for the said company, or it may for aligning the employees with the ethics of a particular company (Pride et al, 2010). Training process includes such measures as identifying organizations as well as the HRM’s strategies to make sure that the two do not conflict. The other step includes identifying the need or areas that call for training. What follows is the training and an evaluation to check the efficiency of the process. Various methods may be suited for either training or development. For example On –the-job-, this happens when an inexperienced person learns under the supervision of a worker already acquainted with skills. Classroom – whereby, trainees get into classroom situations to learn skills. Role-playing- This happens when a trainee works in another person’s job or placement to understand it best (Pride et al, 2010). Simulations- This occurs when employees have to take training away from their job areas to get away from the baffles associated with work and engage seriously in training. Training entails various accrued benefits and one of them would be ensuring that employees match with the organization’s goals. It also brings about improved skills to enable people tackle their jobs effectively and there is lowered labor turn over (Aguinis & Kraiger 2009). In addition, trained employees display heightened morale while going about their jobs. Disadvantages associated with training include the fact that it may render a financial burden upon an organization in that it at times calls for lots of capital. Background of the two companies Coca cola Coca Cola Company traces its roots in 1886 at the heart of USA. The company stands in recent times as a leading manufacturer in soft drinks globally. It also boasts of being the biggest distributor and spearheads marketing of soft drinks as well. It sells an estimated 6,000,000 drinks a day. The company serves over 200 states globally and has a vision of making the best profits and creating the best job platform, where employees derive motivation from what they do (Cola, C. 2011). The company’s mission is that it aspires to refresh the globe with their wide range of drinks as well as make a difference in their manufacture and supply of

BOOK REPORT- HUMAN SEXUALITY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BOOK REPORT- HUMAN SEXUALITY - Essay Example e problem is that these women often do not seek professional help, preferring to put up with their problems, while unresolved sexual issues can have serious consequences in a variety of health problems. Streicher is a qualified sexologist and gynecologist. Having a long experience in these areas, she is able to help all women better understand their body and thus recognize the signs of various sexual problems. That is what makes this book especially interesting for me and that is why I have decided to choose this book. Reading this book allows all women to have knowledge that can help solve numerous health issues and therefore significantly improve the quality of their sex life. In addition, the value of this book is that the author gives clear and evidence-based explanations for the various physical states and manifestations of various diseases. Every woman has the right to obtain pleasure in her sex life, and this book can be of great help in this regard by providing with practical and valuable

Whats wrong with school teacher play student, learns to lie and cheat Essay

Whats wrong with school teacher play student, learns to lie and cheat - Essay Example Glanz realized that the students found the classes boring, lied and manipulated their teachers, and they did not work hard to get good grades. She realized that the students did not learn much in the classrooms as they were demotivated and turned off by the fact that they had little responsibility and power over their education. They expected the teachers to do everything for them and assumed that their role was to sit down and listen. They thought that the teachers were bores and their role was to distribute the information required for the students to pass tests. Glanz was saddened by the fact that teachers did not realize the communication gap that existed between them and their students. She learned that political corruption had made some students believe that there was no need to put in effort as it had little value. Students had a low opinion over honesty and this attitude encouraged many of them to cheat in their exams and feel no remorse about their actions. As Glanz returned to her former school, she decided to demand more from the students by making sure that they were responsible for their education. She did not accept their excuses easily and ensured that they put in effort in every aspect of their education (Banas 658). Students find many classes boring, put in little effort to pass their exams, use excuses to refrain from doing homework and other tasks, and manipulate teachers to complete their tasks. I think that this has been the trend for many students but there are an exceptional few who work hard to get good grades. In my opinion, many classes are boring and the teachers are sometimes bores. This is because the students do not play an active role in class. They are expected to sit in class quietly as the teachers give instruction. Therefore, the students feel detached from the learning process. I agree with Glanz as she concludes that students are demotivated because they have little responsibilities and

Rebeccas Structure Essay Example for Free

Rebeccas Structure Essay Explain the effectiveness of the structure of the text, Rebecca Daphne du Maurier’s Rebecca is structured in a circular form, which is effective in displaying elements of the gothic genre and producing a sense of mystery and ambiguity. The fact that details are revealed gradually creates tension, and a desire to know, so that by the end of the novel the audience is satisfied with the complete story, despite the horrific truth regarding Rebecca’s murder. The text virtually revolves around a murder By using a BAB form, with a reference to the ending at the beginning of the novel, a sense of confusion and abstruseness is evoked among readers. The first chapter, in which the narrator supernaturally returns to Manderley, relives her experiences and mourns for the loss of such an exquisite property, is perplexing for the reader as the scene, characters and setting have not been established. This causes the audience to disregard the first chapter, as the second chapter begins with an entirely different setting and mood. Upon reaching the end of the novel, the reader grasps the meaning of the dream sequence, and the forgotten abstruseness is resolved. The audience is left content with all details of the story revealed, but, like most gothic tales, also chilled and unsettled with the shocking conclusion. Rebecca shows elements of the horror genre through the structure, in which the details are revealed throughout the story, by being analogous to many crime shows of today. In television programs such as CSI, a section of the fictional offense is shown, after which the team investigates the murder or other wrongdoing, and eventually discovers the callous yet complete truth. This order of events matches exactly with those in Rebecca, and it has the effect that we have an idea of the story, but become alarmed yet intrigued as more shocking details are revealed. The text is structured in a way that the scene is set and elaborated on throughout the book as the story and events take place, which causes the reader to experience confusion and a sense of incompetence. The fact that we are put in the place of the speaker allows us to experience everything she feels, knows and says. The narrator’s lack of knowledge concerning Rebecca’s death and murder is unnerving, as it makes us feel just as naive and oblivious as Mrs. de Winter. This is relevant to the gothic genre as it plays on the idea of being put in someone else’s place, which seems supernatural and ghost-like, as if the murder is something we can only learn about through the narrator, as everyone else is already in the know. This idea is further explored when Mrs. de Winter goes to live at Manderley, and unintentionally takes Rebecca’s place. The ingenuousness of the narrator, and how she gradually learns the truth about the murder, allows us to relate, and displays the ghost-like element of the gothic genre. In conclusion, the structure of Rebecca is effective in exemplifying the gothic genre because it references the end of the book at the beginning which creates confusion and mystery. Its effect on the readers is significant because it follows the structure of many crime shows, and makes us feel clueless, like the narrator.

Motorcycle Helmet Laws in America Essay Example for Free

Motorcycle Helmet Laws in America Essay Motorcycle are not the safest means of transportation but millions of people all across America choose them over automobile for the trill, speed and high performance capabilities they offer in fraction of the price of a automobile. Motorcycle do not provide the protection like automobiles do with their outer body and safety features like air bags and seat belts, therefore in case of an accident the injury sustained by the rider is often very serious. When dealing with motorcycle accidents, majority of the fatalities are due to head injuries which could have been prevented had the rider been wearing a helmet. Helmets are the only method to reduce the head injuries during crashes which is the leading cause of death involving motorcycle accidents. Helmet use law has created a lot of controversies over the years, while some supporting the law and other opposing it. One side who support the law believe that the helmet law protects the motorcyclist from danger in case of an accident and save the nation a good deal of money. While, the other side believes that the law is unconstitutional and it violets their right to freedom. Although helmet cannot prevent motorcycle accidents but greatly reduces the number of deaths caused by head injuries during these crashes as well as helps in lowering taxes, insurance cost and health care cost. According to the federal government estimates, the number of deaths on motorcycle per mile in 2006 was 35 times higher than in automobile. In last couple of years motorcycle deaths have seen considerable increase- more than doubling in 2007 from the record low in 1997. In contrast the passenger occupant death reached a record low in 2007. This paper examines the history of motorcycle helmet use law and also the current state of the law. It also tries to highlight the burden that accident involving riders not wearing helmet impose on the society and also the effect of helmet law on helmet use. BACKGROUND HISTORY OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAW: The motorcycle helmets laws in United States has gone through several changes throughout the years. In 1967, in order to increase the helmet use, the federal government required the state government to enact helmet use laws to qualify for certain federal safety program and highway construction fund. The federal incentives was a success and by early 1970s almost all the states had universal helmet laws which covered all the riders of all ages and experience. 1968, Michigan became the first state to repel its laws. This lead to a series of repeal, re-enactment, and amendment of motorcycle helmet laws. In 1976, US Department of transportation (DOT) moved in to assess the financial penalties on states without helmet laws but the congress corresponded to state pressure and stopped DOT from assessing financial penalties on states without helmet laws. By 1980, several states had repealed their helmet laws and some weakened their laws to cover riders under the age of 18 but not older riders. In the 1980s and early 1990, several states reinstated helmet laws applying for all riders. In the 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, several incentives were created by the congress for the states to enact helmet use and safety belt use laws. The eligibility criteria for receiving special safety grants was that the state must enact both the laws. Up to 3 percent of federal highway allotment was redirected to highway safety program for all the states that did not enact the laws by October 1993. But again after four years of establishing the incentive program ,congress revised itself. In the fall of 1995, federal sanction against the states without helmet use laws was lifted which paved the way for state to repeal helmet use laws. This lead to many states weakening its helmet use laws. Now 20 states and District of Columbia have helmet laws covering all riders and 27 states have partial helmet use law covering some riders (usually riders under the age of 18). Illinois and Iowa do not have any helmet use laws. PRESENT HELMET LAW STATUS: [pic] NO HELMET LAW: |NO HELMET LAW (2 STATES) | |ILLINOIS |IOWA | PARTIALLY FREE: |AGE REQUIREMENT – PARTIALLY FREE (27 STATES) | |15 UNDER |18 UNDER |19 UNDER |21 UNDER | | | | | | |MAINE |ALASKA |DELAWARE |ARKANSAS | | |ARIZONA | |KENTUCKY | | |COLORADO | |RHODE ISLAND | | |CONNECTICUT | |SO. CAROLINA | | |HAWAII | |TEXAS | | |IDAHO | |PENNSYLVANIA | | |INDIANA | | | | |KANSAS | | | | |MINNESOTA | | | | |NEW HAMPSHIRE | | | | |NEW MAXICO | | | | |NORTH DAKOTA | | | | |OHIO | | | | |OKLAHOMA | | | | |SOUTH DAKOTA | | | | |UTAH | | | AGE REQUIREMENT INSURANCE: |AGE REGUIREMENT + INSURANCE (1 STATE PARTIALLY FREE) | |21 OVER | |FLORIDA | MANDATORY LAW: | | |MANDATORY HELMET LAWS (20 STATES) | |ALABAMA |MASSACHUSETTS |TENNESSE |NEBRASKA | |CALIFORNIA |MICHIGAN |VERMONT |NEW YORK | |GEORGIA |MISSISSIPPI |VIRGINIA |NEW JERSEY | |LOUISIANA. |MISSOURI |WASHINGTON |NORTH CAROLINA | |MARYLAND |NEBRASKA |W. VIRGINIA |OREGON | | | | | | | | | | | HOW DO HELMET LAWS AFFECT HELMET USE: Based on various studies of states enactment, repel and weakening of helmet laws, it was observed that the helmet use reached 100 percent when all the riders were required to wear helmet at all times compared to 50 percent when there was no law or law applied to only some riders. In 2008, according to NHTSA, 97 percent of the riders were observed wearing helmets in states with universal helmet laws compared to 90 percent in 2002. In states without universal helmet law the use of helmet was 52 percent in 2002 and 54 percent in 2008. Based on helmets judged to be compliant with federal safety regulations, use was 73 percent in 2002 and went up to 78 percent in 2008 among motorcyclists in states with universal helmet laws. It rose from 46 to 50 percent among motorcyclists in states without such laws. HOW DO HELMET LAW EFFECT MOTORCYCLIST DEATH AND INJURIES: In states which either reinstates or enacted saw a considerable increase in motorcycle helmet use and motorcycle death and injuries decreased drastically. Whereas the states which repealed or weakened their existing helmet law saw a great increase in motorcycle death and injuries and considerable decrease in helmet use. According to two studies published in 2007 and 2008, motorcyclist fatality rates were modelled based on helmet law type, after controlling for various factors such as per capita income, population density, and annual precipitation. It was observed that the states which had helmet law covering all riders had lowest death rates. Further on, the states which had helmet law covering only some riders had low death rate compared to states with no helmet law, but not as low as the states with universal helmet law. These results held for all three types of rates considered: deaths per 10,000 registered motorcycles, deaths per 100,000 population, and deaths per 10 billion vehicle miles traveled. Some examples of helmet law and its effect on death and injuries:   California enacted universal helmet law on January 1, 1992. The number of motorcycle fatalities decreased 37 percent to 327 in 1992 from 523 in 1991.   Nebraska reinstated a helmet law on January 1, 1989 after repealing an earlier law in 1977. The state saw 22 percent reduction in serious head injuries due to motorcycle crashes.   From 1968 to 1977, Texas had a universal helmet use law estimated to have saved 650 lives, but the law was amended in 1977 to apply only to riders younger than 18. The weakened law coincided with a 35 percent increase in motorcyclist fatalities. Texas reinstated its helmet law for all motorcyclists in September 1989. The month before the law took effect, the helmet use rate was 41 percent. The rate jumped to 90 percent during the first month of the law and had risen to 98 percent by June 1990. Serious injury crashes per registered motorcycle decreased 11 percent. But in September 1997, Texas again weakened its helmet law, requiring helmets only for riders younger than 21. Helmet use in Texas dropped to 66 percent by May 1998, and operator fatalities increased 31 percent in the first full year following the repeal.   Kentucky repealed its universal helmet law in 1998, followed by Louisiana in 1999. These actions resulted in lower helmet use, and quickly increased motorcyclist deaths in these states by 50 percent and 100 percent, respectively. In 2000, Floridas universal helmet law was weakened to exempt riders 21 and older who have at least $10,000 of medical insurance coverage. An Institute study found that the motorcyclist death rate in Florida increased by about 25 percent after the state weakened its helmet law. A study of the Florida law change by NHTSA found a similar effect; motorcyclist deaths per 10,000 motorcycle registrations increased 21 percent during the two years after the law was changed compared with the two years before. IMPACT OF HELMET LAW ON MOTORCYCLE THEFT: Helmet law has also resulted in decline in reduction in motorcycle theft as potential robbers may not have an access to helmet and not wearing helmet will attract police notice. According to Texas department of public safety, motorcycle theft decreased 44 percent between 1988 and 1998 in 19 cities after enactment of universal helmet law. After enactment of helmet law by Great Britain, motorcycle theft feel 24 percent in London. The Netherlands saw 36 percent drop in motorcycle theft after it enacted helmet laws in 1975. In 1980, when on the spot fine was introduced in former West Germany, motorcycle theft plummeted 60 percent. IMPACT OF HELMET ON HEALTH CARE COST: Unhelmeted riders have higher health care costs as a result of their crash injuries, and many lack health insurance. In November 2002, NHTSA reported that 25 studies of the costs of injuries from motorcycle crashes consistently found that helmet use reduced the fatality rate, probability and severity of head injuries, cost of medical treatment, length of hospital stay, necessity for special medical treatments, and probability of long-term disability. A number of studies examined the question of who pays for medical costs. Only slightly more than half of motorcycle crash victims have private health insurance coverage. For patients without private insurance, a majority of medical costs are paid by the government. According to specific findings of several studies: 1996 NHTSA study found that inpatient hospital charges were 8 percent higher for riders without helmets compared to riders wearing helmets.   Various studies shows that the health care cost associated with head injured motorcyclist decline after the introduction of helmet use law in 1994 by the state of California. The rate of motorcyclist hospitalized for head injuries decreased by 48 percent in 1993 compared with 1991 and the total cost of patients with head injuries decreased by $20. 5 million during this period. †¢ After reinstatement of helmet law by Nebraska, study showed that there has been 38 percent decline in total acute medical charges for injured motorcyclist. A NHTSA evaluation of the weakening of Floridas universal helmet law in 2000 to exclude riders 21 and older who have at least $10,000 of medical insurance coverage found a huge increase in hospital admissions of cyclists with injuries to the head, brain, and skull. Such injuries went up 82 percent during the 30 months immediately following the law change. The average inflation-adjusted cost of treating these injuries went up from about $34,500 before the helmet law was weakened to nearly $40,000 after. Less than one-quarter of the injured motorcyclists would have been covered by the $10,000 medical insurance requirement for riders who chose not to use helmets. Various studies conducted in Nebraska, California, Washington and Massachusetts indicates that taxpayers are burdened by injured motorcyclist. From January 1988 to January 1990, 41 percent motorcyclist injured in Nebraska lacked health insurance or received Medicaid or Medicare. In Seattle, public fund paid 63 percent of trauma care for injured motorcyclist in 1985. In Sacramento, 82 percent of the costs to treat orthopaedic injuries sustained by motorcyclists during 1980-83 was paid by public fund. Forty-six percent of motorcyclists treated at Massachusetts General Hospital during 1982-83 were uninsured. MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAW ISSUES: Motorcyclist often feel that helmet use law violets their right of freedom. They believe that the rider should have the freedom to decide the use of helmet. According to various motorcycle groups, helmet use law reduces riding which in turn results in less death rates in motorcycle crashes which the government uses to confuse people about the safety benefits of helmet. Many motorcyclist have gone to the court objecting the law. In 1972, a federal court told a motorcyclist who objected to the law: â€Å"The public has an interest in minimizing the resources directly involved. From the moment of injury, society picks the person up off the highway; delivers him to a municipal hospital and municipal doctors; provides him with unemployment compensation if, after recovery, he cannot replace his lost job; and, if the injury causes permanent disability, may assume responsibility for his and his familys subsistence. We do not understand a state of mind that permits plaintiff to think that only he himself is concerned. † This decision was affirmed by the US Supreme Court. RECCOMENDATIONS TO INCREASE HELMET USE: Law makers should look into other means to increase use of motorcycle helmets other then law. Public campaign to encourage helmet use would greatly reduce the law enforcement cost also restriction to one’s own freedom felt by some riders. But the chances of achieving results through these method is minimal. Subsidies on helmet purchase can shift part of the cost from riders to general public by providing federal money to the motorcyclist purchasing helmets. Subsidies would not motivate riders who value their freedom and convenience over the benefits helmet use. Motorcyclist using helmet should be charged lower insurance premium compared to riders not using helmet to encourage helmet use. This difference in insurance premium would encourage un-helmeted rider to use helmet and other safety gear in order to reduce their premium. When novice riders take rider education course, more emphasis should be laid on the importance of helmet use and not just only the basic operating skills. If they understand the use of safety gear and helmet at early age, it might affect their choice later in their life. Motorcyclist who fail to wear a helmet and sustain head injuries could be denied compensation for injury and damages. however, it would become difficult for the court to determine on case to case basis in which compensation would be denied as head injuries are sustained when helmet are worn. Various studies have showed that when helmet use is not mandatory, 50% of all riders wear helmet but when it is mandatory nearly 100% riders use helmet. So, the only way to increase helmet is to enact universal helmet law in all the states of United States of America. REFERENCES: www. pubmedcentral. nih. gov www. iihs. org www. nhtsa. dot. org.

Moral Influences on Historians

Moral Influences on Historians Malthus was criticised of ‘confusing moral and scientific categories, of allowing the former to influence his understanding of the latter’. Should the historian’s work be free of moral influence? ‘Population was [for Malthus] the great Devil, the untamed Beelzebub that was only kept chained down by vice and misery, and which, if it were once let loose from these restraints, would go forth, and ravage the earth.’ (Hazlitt 1994, p.182) This contemporary response to Malthus’s work by William Hazlitt echoes the main corpus of rejoinders raising the charge against Malthus that his work reflected uncorroborated ethical assumptions that ultimately would prove counterintuitive and fly in the face of common sense. Although frequently articulated by his opponents, this essay will argue that this charge is mainly misguided. The question requires to explore three distinct but interrelated issues: first, whether Malthus’s work suffers from a confusion of moral and scientific categories. Second, whether the scientific aspects of his work have been subject to distortion on account of the moral principles he held to be true and valid. And third, whether history as a scholarly enterprise should be free from moral maxims. The implications of all three issues are complex and reach far beyond the confines of this essay. Malthus’s work itself is easily straddling several domains of academic inquiry and part of the answer to whether his work suffers from the conflation of moral and scientific categories lies in the heterogeneous character of his work. It seems appropriate to elaborate all three issues mentioned above through an investigation of his main arguments. Malthus’s work disrespects neatly drawn boundaries of academic disciplines. The essay will proceed as follows. In a first section it will outline what I believe the wider issue is that informs the debate surrounding the veracity and validity of Malthus’s historiographical work. The second part of the essay will sketch the primary arguments by Malthus and, eventually, relate these as we go along to the issues of objectivity and neutrality. Malthus wrote at the intersection of three domains of intellectual engagement. At the time of the publication of his work, none of these fields had emerged as scholarly disciplines in themselves, although one (history) was in the process of methodological standardisation. Malthus’s main thesis on the consequences and logic of population growth drew on one side from historical evidence and articulated a particular historical narrative. On the other hand, it advocated distinct measures to prevent unchecked population growth and therefore engaged with what we would now call social policy. On a meta-level, however, his historical narrative as well as his conclusions about the nature of population control and its desirability rested on assumptions about the nature of man and the role of reason in determining the common good of English society. In a wider sense then Malthus offered his readers a dense and complex philosophical framework that informed his analytical and interpretativ e project. The issue of scientific objectivity or moral influence of his work however does not extend equally into these three fields. And it is this disciplinary distinction which will allow us to clarify some of the challenges and accusations that were levelled against his work. Interestingly the question whether Malthus confuses moral and scientific categories in his work only pertains to one dimension: that of history and historical evidence. Social policy is per se generated by ethical viewpoints about what society ought to look like and about the permissibility of human suffering or desirability of human happiness. Philosophy as an enquiry about the moral resources for social agency of individuals possesses equally qua definitionem a moral impetus. Neither of the two are therefore even in their ideal form free of ethical considerations, nor should they be. To deprive them of any normative content is to strip them of their essence. This is not the case with history, or so at least some philosophers of history claim. The relevant debate is mainly cast in the issue of objectivity in historiography. Historical evidence so the main claim goes, can somehow be void of ethical judgement and so should be the end product of historical work, histories that purport to be an accurate portrayal of things past. Insofar as Malthus presented us in the Essay (Malthus 1970) with an example of historical writing, he would have to abide by strict guidelines of what constitutes objective historiography. There are several confusions here at work that, once clarified, instantly defuse the charge of subjectivity against Malthus. If we understand objectivity in historical writing as absence of undue personal bias then little of historiography would pass this test. McCullagh has convincingly argued that such a stringent standard makes little sense (McCullagh 2000). If we probe our convictions further we may find it utterly reasonable that some types of political, ideological or moral bias find their way into our narratives. What we do find deplorable however is if historians try either to conceal their possible interests in giving a particular narrative a specific slant, or pretending to present to us in their narratives the epitome of objectivity in historical work. Furthermore, we can, as sensitive observers, detect biases and criticise them. All we need for that purpose is to be able to follow up the historical evidence and check that it corroborates the particular historical narrative under scrutiny. This way it is fairly easy for historians to distinguish a work written to robust methodological standards from a fanciful account of past events. The thesis that objectivity is a standpoint universally shared and that therefore historical opinion ultimately must converge upon an indisputable singular truth is erroneous and distorts the nature of history as an intellectual endeavour. Objectivity in historiography can only amount to absence of obvious personal bias which still leaves us as historians with questions of contested interpretations and the problematic nature of evidence selection. History therefore is by nature a field of contestation, a conversation on things past (Oakeshott 1999) rather than the presentation of an ultimate irrefutable portrayal of events. If that is the case, moral maxims may play a role in the instruments of selection and interpretation in historical work, but that should not bother us as long as they are transparently articulated and remain susceptible to criticism. Haskell has formulated a persuasive critique of those notions of history that assume historical writing be ethically neutral (Haskell 1990). We have, he writes, as much chances to prevent our moral convictions to colour our historical work as we have to detach us from our social lives and commitments. In fact it is at the heart of the philosophical project of scepticism to suggest that the search for an Archimedian point of view, which would expose to us the world as it is in some transcendent reality, is riddled with problems bordering on conceptual nonsense. It is this scepticism that informs Malthus’s work on population control and his critique of social policy and social reform. Consequently this critical project is formulated from an ethical standpoint which is clearly expressed and made transparent in his writings. The historical evidence he produces is equally open to scrutiny and he did abide by all common standards of methodological stringency endorsed at that time. H ence to claim that his historical account of population growth is unduly influenced by moral, political or ideological commitments which are immune from analytical scrutiny is to misunderstand the capacity of history for rigorous methodological discipline and professional standards. Let us now turn to a brief outline of the various themes and arguments which Malthus presents in his work. As already mentioned his work is a multifaceted and richly textured argument which straddles at least three domains of intellectual inquiry: history, philosophy and social policy. To contend that Malthus’s essay is exclusively an example of history proper is to fail to recognise the multiplicity of his intentions as well as the depth of his argument. As I have argued above, it should cause us no trouble to accept that Malthus the historian has in fact worked from ethical assumptions that may not be universally shared and that these assumptions have influenced his selection of historical evidence as well as the interpretations of it. The standards of historical work stipulate simply that these assumptions can be revealed, scrutinised and criticised by evaluating the validity of his interpretations of historical evidence as well as the impartiality of his selection. This in essence is the nature of historical work and does not jeopardise any reasonable claim of the discipline as a whole to engage in an enterprise that can lay claim to be objective as different from morally neutral (Haskell 2000). It is however a quite different story if we take Malthus to be an advocate of particular policies of public health or social reform. The question then does not seem to be whether or not Malthus was guided by his moral convictions in formulating his views on these matters, as he inevitably was, but whether his view of history should justifiably tell us anything about the way in which we should organise our society. The question resonates deeply with contemporary philosophical debates of which Malthus must have been keenly aware. Only some years before David Hume took issue with the view that we can infer the future from things past. There can be no doubt that to a certain degree Malthus is guilty of committing the mistake of extrapolating from past developments a picture of a desirable future state of British society. But let us in all fairness look at his claims in detail. In outlining his main arguments I will use a distinction made by Hamlin which I believe structures the field of interpretation in a helpful way and separates the contentious issues from the non-contentious ones. Hamlin focuses first of all on Malthus’s core argument which is of descriptive nature in his statement of the population principle. As a purely descriptive proposition it must fail to invite criticism of ethical subterfuge. (Hamlin 2000, p.117). The principle of population can be summarised in three aspects. Firstly, Malthus believes to have shown that the ‘population cannot increase without the means of subsistence, second, that population invariably increases when the means of subsistence are available, and third that ‘the superior power of population cannot be checked without producing misery or vice’ (Winch 1987, p.19) Here Malthus works with two (mainly speculative) assumptions: first, that man’s drive to procreation is infinitely greater than the earth’s potential to produce subsistence. And second, that the sexual impulses of man are stable over history. Malthus illustrates the first postulate by contrasting the arithmetic power of subsistence to the geometric growth in population. The disparity between the two had been pointed out previously by other commentators, and critics have accordingly accused Malthus of plagiarism (Hazlitt 1994a, p.171). But it would only be fair to Malthus to mention that he never claimed to be the discoverer of this relation between the two different ratios (Hazlitt 1994a, p.171). Although Malthus attempts to support his calculations about the necessary divergence of the two ratios with some available figures on population growth and grain production in the past, his argument which links the two remains speculative. This is not so much the case because he may use only a highly selective range of historical evidence (it can be disputed how much was available to him at the time), but rather because the disparity between the two hinges upon certain assumptions about the nature of population growth and food supply as well as their interaction. Malthus thinks that procreation is the natural outcome of the sexual impulse and does not reckon with the proliferation of already available means of prevention. Equally, his notion of food supply is one dimensional and consequently fails to take into account the possible variations of food produce. He notes that pasture necessarily makes less effective use of land than grain production, yet fails to see the different outcomes in nutritional value for humans. The speculative character of his writings therefore reside in the lack of depth of his calculations not in his moral convictions that may have come to bear upon his selection of historical evidence and hi s interpretation of it. The second domain of his work relates to social policy and the potential of society to prevent misery. This introduces a first normative element into the picture but, contrary to many critics, Malthus’s ethical convictions do not confound the entire issue but only aspects of it. The fist aspect is whether or not it is true as a historiographical assertion that poverty exerts an influence upon the ability of population to grow. Here Malthus is still on descriptive ground. He once again may lack the empirical resources to reach a sufficiently informed judgement on the issue but nothing points to the possibility that Malthus follows in his interpretation of the available evidence a personal bias and subsequently tries to conceal it. His prose is not driven by ideological or moral convictions. The second aspect however deals with the chances of success for a proactive policy of public health and welfare. Here he extrapolates from a mixture of historical evidence and some theories about social and economic agency. It is this mixture which opens him up to the charge of propagating the abolition of any reform agenda on the grounds of ideological beliefs. His position is informed by certain theories of socio-economic behaviour that are at best speculative, at worst simply false. His core argument rests on an analysis of the effects of resource scarcity in society. He notes that the provision of additional money to the poor, if not mirrored by an increase in food supply, only results in the increase of prizes. The overall effect comes to nought. As the income of the poor rises, so do the prizes since the demand exceeds now the supply of food. The intended effect is the continuation of misery for the poor (Malthus 1970, pp.94-95). While this hints at an economic relationship that may or may not pan out in the predicted way, and overall may still prove to be overly simplistic, it can hardly be considered to be unduly influenced by moral beliefs. It is prima facie an economic theory which features (still) in many run of the mill explanations of prize development. Malthus however supports this idea with the notion that any kind of monetary assistance transforms the capacity of human agency for self-reliance negatively. He writes: ‘The poor laws are strongly calculated to eradicate this spirit [of independence]. †¦ Hard as it may appear in individual instances, dependent poverty ought to be held disgraceful. Such a stimulus seems to be absolutely necessary to promote the happiness of the great mass of mankind, and every attempt to weaken this stimulus, however benevolent its apparent intention, will always defeat its purpose.’ (Malthus 1970, p.98) Here he presents us with what John Rawls would have called a background social theory that informs our interpretation of social activity and structures our notion of socio-economic agency (Rawls 1993). The difficulty is that these theories require justification in order to shed their ideological drift (Daniels 1996). Malthus seems to think that all sorts of dependence are deplorable, while all kinds of independence are laudable. What he fails to realise it that independence exists in social contexts which crucially shape the capacity to act as an economic or social agent. Clientelistic relationships for example may to some degree offset lack of money. On the other hand, the absence of either deprives any individual to enter the stage of economic co-operation in the first place, hence the chance to perpetuate personal independence and transform it into participation in social and economic schemes of co-operation. Malthus’s theory about the stimulus of independence abstracts from the conditions that need to be fulfilled for active and effective socio-economic agency. This clearly reflects an ideological bias although, arguably, it may echo the beliefs and attitudes prevalent at the time. Here Malthus’s work lacks the sceptical sting that it exhibits in other parts. The further one reads his essay the more he gets bogged down in speculations about the perfectibility of man and the conditions for moral excellence. These are regrettable deviations from his main argument and deflect from the validity of his historiographical reflections. Once again however, these are strictly speaking not confusions of historical evidence and moral convictions but attempts to defend the conclusions he drew from population development in the past for social policy. He may have committed a category mistake by drawing on descriptive data to formulate prescriptive and substantial policy and support this with views on human nature and the role of reason in society, but his historical credentials remain intact. Although his policy recommendations drew fire, it would be unfair to say that his selection of historical evidence was driven by personal interest or moral convictions. Bibliography Primary Sources Malthus, Thomas Robert (1970), An Essay on the Principle of Population and a Summary view of the Principle of Population, New York: Penguin Books [1798 and 1830] Hazlitt, William (1994a), An Examination of Mr. Malthus’s Doctrines, in Population. Contemporary Responses to Thomas Malthus, ed. By Andrew Pyle, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, pp. 170-175 Hazlitt, William (1994b), On the Principle of Population as Affecting the Schemes of Utopian Improvement, in Population. Contemporary Responses to Thomas Malthus, ed. By Andrew Pyle, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, pp. 176-183 Secondary Sources Daniels, Norman (1996), Justice and Justification. Reflective Equilibrium in theory and practice, Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press Hamlin, Christopher and Gallagher-Kamper, Kathleen (2000), Malthus and the Doctors: Political Economy, Medicine, and the State in England, Ireland and Scotland, 1800-1840, in Malthus, Medicine, and Morality: ‘Malthusianism’ after 1798, ed. By Brian Dolan, Amsterdam Atlanta: Rodopi, pp.115-140 Haskell, Thomas L. (1990), Objectivity is not Neutrality: Rhetoric vs. Practice in Peter Novick’s That Noble Dream, in History and Theory, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.129-157 Mccullagh, Behan C. (2000), Bias in Historical Description, Interpretation, and Explanation, in History and Theory, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp.39-66 Oakeshott, Michael (1999), On History and other essays, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund Rawls, John (1993), Political Liberalism, New York: Columbia University Press Winch, Donald (1987), Malthus, Oxford New York: Oxford University Press

Nature of Logic Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Logic Thinking Essay

Nature of Logic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The nature of logic and critical thinking go hand in hand. A person must use logic during the critical thinking process. However, each person’s logic may depend on his/her perceptual process or their perceptual barriers. No person can ever fully understand their own perceptual process in its entirety. The reason being is that no person knows all of their perceptual barriers. Without knowing all of the barriers, how is a person able to determine the process in which they perceive things? While a person may know or assume some of their perceptual barriers, some of their perceptual barriers will never be uncovered because they may not know they even exist. They may not even know that they exist because the perceptual barrier is so strong that it will never be known to them, that it, in fact, is a barrier at all. This alone could be a potential barrier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aside from not being able to identify all of a person’s perceptual barriers, each situation that comes about where a critical thinking process may be utilized can call for a different process. For example, a person may use an entirely different perceptual process while at their place of employment than they would in their home. Even then a person may utilize a different process depending on the situations that occur on any given day. However, the way we think can be determined by the way we were raised and the way we currently are living. Many factors come into play that can cause percept...

Technology, Population, and the Impact of Ancient Humans on the Environ

Technology, Population, and the Impact of Ancient Humans on the Environment In recent years, humans have become increasingly concerned with their effect on the planet and its ecosystems. In the popular view, these problems are new and unprecedented in human history. While it is probably true that our impact on the environment on a global scale has never been as great, the difference is simply the scale on which our actions are being taken. Situations that previously were local or regional in scope have now become global, owing to the increasingly sophisticated technologies that we have developed and our ever-increasing population. As an examination of the impact of ancient humans on the environment illustrates, however, the current impact fits into the general pattern that the degree to which humans influence their environment is determined by their concentration and the sophistication of their technology. Contrary to the popular view which sees ancient humans as either benignly living with their environments (see Note 1 below) or as leading miserable short lives during which they were at the mercy of those environments, archeology tells us that humans have been interacting with and affecting their environments since the beginning. As Neil Roberts comments, humans' impact on landscapes began "even before†¦landscapes had become recognizably modern." (Note 2). My purpose in this paper is to illustrate some of the ways ancient humans, using a variety of technologies, altered the environments they lived in. Before I begin, however, I would like to emphasize that discussing human "impact" on the environment implies human action was detrimental to the environment. In this paper, I shall define "impact" as any change in the lands... ...ng paragraphs come from the author's lecture notes as described in note 7 above, as well as Ellen, R. "Modes of subsistence: hunting and gathering to agriculture and pastoralism," in The Companion Encyclopedia to Anthropology, ed T. Ingold, New York: Routledge, 1994.; and Price, T.D. and J.A. Brown. "Aspects of Hunter-Gatherer Complexity," in Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers, T. Price and J. Brown, eds. San Diego: Academic Press, 1985. 9. Other populations such as mammoth hunters of the Central European Plain dealt with these pressures by shifting to specialized economies based on the extensive use of a few species. 10. The opposite is k-selected species such as mammoth, who produce fewer offspring, but give these offspring more care in order to give each offspring a higher chance of survival. Earlier subsistence patterns had tended to focus on k-selected species.

Advertisement: Greek Statue and Perfume Essay -- Ads Advertise Statues

Advertisement: Greek Statue and Perfume While flipping through the pages of a fashion magazine, my fingers stop abruptly as my eyes catch an image of a nude man holding a clothed woman. The man has a muscular body and is effortlessly supporting the woman who's body is arched backwards, her arms hang in a swan-like manner. On the ground by her left foot lays a paint palette and her right hand is grasping a paint brush. The room that they are in appears to be a studio with press board floors, brick walls, and old unfinished wooden workbenches draped in cloth. The woman is painting a canvas with the image of the nude man. The foreground consists of the artist and the model, the painting and the easel, a stool, and a table with art supplies spread out on top. In the background, to the right of the canvas, stands a life-size statue of a woman facing the wall. The statue is a generic image of Greek statues from around 400 - 200 BC. In the right bottom corner of the page, a bottle of golden perfume called Tabu is superimposed on the page. The caption written in cursive reads, "Blame it on Tabu". There are many instances in which older art works are used in contemporary situations. There is everything from cartoon characters performing in the Colosseum to government buildings modeled after the Greek Parthenon. Images from centuries ago such as those from European cave art, ancient Egypt, ancient Greece and Rome, and from medieval Europe can be seen in magazines and newspapers, television and films, architecture of buildings, etc. These images use the concepts people already have of past artworks to create a specific tone, convey messages, or sell products. The magazine ad for Tabu uses a Greek styled statue to enhance the tone of ... ...indow streaming natural light seems to be the only source of light in the room. It falls directly on the action, the man holding the woman. Their shadows then form flawlessly across the canvas and their profiles are in perfect shape. The statue, which is behind the canvas, is in complete shadows, again signifying the conservative part of the image that hides in the shadows. Why is this picture used to sell perfume? The action in the picture is meant to be something that we all desire. To get the perfume would mean that our wildest fantasies could come true. However, the Greek statue is needed to remind us that this in not always good. The beauty, passion, and classicism are all features of the overall image that are brought on by the clothes and lack of clothes, the idealness of the model's body, and the classic aura of the statue, all aspects of ancient Greece.

Ethical Responsibilities of Corporations Enron’s Downfall Essay

Ethical Responsibilities of Corporations; Enron’s Downfall Introduction            Enron, in the 1990’s was a premium company that had the much-coveted global stature that most company heads desire. It is considered the most innovative company in the United States of America. It was a change from the old industrial trend that other old and rusty enterprises and industries were used to; hard assets, in the favor of the much softer e-commerce business world. The company was a premium employer in the USA and the world, employing over 20,000 staff by the time of winding into bankruptcy, in 2001 (NPR). The company dealt in natural gas, electricity, pulp and paper and communication. A year before closure, the company was valued at $111 billion and had held the title-for six years running-of the most innovative company in America.            However, this valuation respect was based on falsehood. The company was discovered to have been operating a scandalous accounting fraud, orchestrated by systematic, institutionalized and creativity. Ironically, as it was named the most innovative company, which might have been true, but not in the upright way that it was perceived to be. This was but in underhand deals that its employees and management had mastered. What culminated into the ‘Enron Scandal’ has since become a frequently referred to a case of willful corruption and corporate fraud.            Companies and corporations, under the federal law, have a duty to their employees, consumers, the government and the environment in which they operate. To the government, corporations are supposed to ensure tax compliance and safety of production to citizens and environment. The firms and companies have a duty to protect their employees and provide safe work environment conditions for them so that all employees are always treated equitably and satisfactorily. Consumers have a right to accurate information regarding the products they purchase. The information is to provide at free will and is to guarantee consumer safety.            In Line with that responsibility as stated in the paragraph above, Enron management failed to safeguard their employees’ future and livelihoods in case their bubble burst. At the time Enron went bankrupt, Thousands of employees it had in its baskets were plunged into joblessness suddenly. This scandal involved even top government officials who were then shareholders. In the light of them knowing that Enron engaged in malpractices-they still were happy to take home the hefty dividends they got from the stock market gains.The Times Magazine talks about the top executives who enjoyed lots of privileges that even top CEOs envied. For example, Kenneth Lay, the Former Enron Chairman is said to have received a golden parachute worth $25 million and about $200 million in salaries since 1999 to its point of fall. Despite all that, he also enjoyed the access to about $7.5 million revolving credit line from Enron (Roston, 2002). Others who enjoyed such benefits include Jeffrey Skilling (former C.E.O), Duncan David (Former Anderson Partner), Nancy Temple (Anderson Lawyer), Thomas White (Secretary of the Army), and Sherron Watkins ( Former Enron Vice President).The government through the law has set up different commissions to ensure that these obligations are duly followed (example of one is the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)). FTC is charged with taking complaints about false business promises that turn out fraudulent, or cause harmful side effects to the consumers and forwarding them to investigation agencies for further action (Federal Trade Commission, 2014).            In the past, the things that brought down companies were far from cleverly crafted schemes such as what took place at Enron. The operation on the stock exchange while on a negative financial record and receiving probably more than their fair share of investments. Among other key ethical issues that had arisen in the past included racial profiling, product safety concerns, employee rights infringement and even environmental degradation. There have been lists each year of companies that should be shunned for disregard of ethics. For the past few years, companies such as ExxonMobil, Apple, Toyota, Trafigura, and recently Wal-Mart and Nestle had made headlines for breaking the crucial ethical rules.            The Federal Employees’ Compensation Act (FECA), establishes mechanisms for compensation of employees who are injured, or get any damages in the line of duty (Office of the Secretary, 2014). In the case where an employee was hit by a truck and laid off without compensation, is very inhumane act of the company’s executives.            The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) is set to be the benchmark for equitable pay distribution to all American employees. It provides guidelines for employment and wages to be paid to employees who are not exempted from work. Conditions have been set for certain jobs and age restrictions. These labor laws, for example, require that particular groups of people not work at certain times, and in particular professions, citing dangerous operations (Office of the Secretary, 2014). If the labor laws are followed to the letter, no employee will complain about unsatisfactory pay, as the minimum wage is set with all employees in mind and ensures a comfortable life away from welfare.            Kirk O. Hanson, a university professor at the University of Santa Clara, explains the ethical responsibilities of a corporate board. He lists five important points that are to be keenly upheld by any board of directors in order to ensure satisfaction from all quarters. Among other key assignments on a board, one of them is to understand the company’s ethical culture. Most board members are less involved with the day to day activities of their businesses, and to get feedback from employees, they rely on pro forma reports and complaint letters. It is their responsibility to investigate the validity of the reports and come up with disciplinary measures if need be (Hanson, 2014).            Business fair play is an important aspect of ensuring healthy and profitable competition among business people.            Such a supposition that they respect individual rights of association and expression and yet reject the idea of unionization is ridiculous. Under sections 7 and 8 of the National Labor Relations Act of the Federal constitution, employees are granted rights to make a join and take part in labor union activities. This is without any intimidation from employers, or punishments of any kind. All employees have a right to read, distribute and discuss matters of union membership during hours away from work. They are free to share the information with whomsoever they please. Once they decide on a group plan for whatever union, they have a right to ask their employer to recognize the specific union, bargain and complete any relevant requirements by the terms and condition. The employees have a right to display Union messages in whatsoever manner they please; be it caps, pins, T-shirts or whatever else available on the job or away from work.Company executives are not suppose d to profile any employees by forcible transfer, denial of benefits, pay rise or desirable assignments in effort to thwart employees’ quest to join or form a union. They are not to be harassed, threatened or dismissed from work if they support any union (Lisa Guerin, 2014). All in all, we do need quick solutions to problems such as these. It is not just an issue for the employees alone because it affects all American citizens, and per the house committee on education report.            General Electric, a company that was founded by Thomas Edison, has on many occasions received accused on several occasions of trying to monopolize the inventions by him. It is the current military contractor for war machinery. However, they have once been reported for facilitating the development of nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons have long since been banned and are regulated by the international bodies. The purpose of such an undertaking should be investigated, and due punishment administered.            The American public should check indicators of unethical codes of conduct and shun such businesses. It will be a significant boost in fighting such a vice as it will prevent oppression of fellow citizens. If people followed such a trend, companies such as this would lack a ready market and might be forced to change the practices or close shop.            All firms that are established in corporate agreements uphold certain fundamental duties. In order to solve this massive crisis of ethics, law should be passed forcing private sectors to publish their financial reports in detail in the public dailies. The public should be trained to watch for companies that uphold employee rights and safety. These statements should be audited by government agencies for any lies. If the reports are found to be untrue, government should snatch such operators their licenses.            Companies and corporations that evade taxation of any kind should be imposed with huge fines. In order to shun such practices, and in extension, be barred from operating for a particular period of time and board members is investigated. If any allegations of misconduct are proven right, all board members should be forced to resign and take responsibility for their ineptness. Enron was a culprit in this category, avoiding any financial obligation it would have to offset to the government or anyone, provided that it was able to cover its tracks well.            On an opinion proposed from the Financial Times magazine, the graph of performance shows that the downfall was carefully planned. It seemed that most of the top echelons had long planned the exit, but it did not happen in the most expected way. The stock price came crashing in a year, from a cost of about $80 in January, the year 2001 to a tumbling zero by January in the year 2002.            In the Film Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room (Gibney, 2005), as based on the same name written by Bethany McLean, the Enron Disaster is the greatest disaster any company has witnessed in the whole of history. A crash in a year with more than seven corporate walking away from the mess with over 1 Billion US dollars. Investors and employees went down flat without any landing gear. This kind of corporate ethics gap left more Americans depending on the public for necessary handouts and relying on other meager means to survive. The Drama resembles a Greek tragedy and a show of the domino effect that could shape the face of the American ethical code and ultimately the economy for a long time into the future.Kenneth Lay, the company’s chief who had saved ib once before in the ‘80s and later taken over as C.E.O wielded so much influence In both the business and political circles. Probably out of the campaigns he had funded for the presidency among other le gislative dockets. In the Business circles, he was an enviable C.E.O, who was practically â€Å"untouchable†. But in the wake of the ethical backlash, all these attributes could not save his company from sinking to the bottom of the sea that is failed companies.            Ethics is more than just producing good products, supporting community initiatives and giving good salaries. Companies with a sound ethical background will go to extents to ensure consumer safety, business fair play and ensuring that employees who served diligently go home safe to retirement. Even after retiring, they will be entitled to the same happiness they had while working for the same company, and health.            All corporations that breach conduct on ethics should be nationalized in order to safeguard the interests of the public. Its owners should then be duly compensated and never allowed to start any other business within the country. Such a law will instill fear and caution among those who have a penchant for breaking the law.            Consumers and the government need to be careful about safeguarding the economic environments. Since any turmoil could lead to financial turmoil like it did with the instability of some few big companies in the early 2000s that lead to the 2007-2009 global financial crunch. The government can help by sealing off all loopholes that could allow any forms of corruption while the consumers could channel their money to the right businesses.            If we all stopped buying brands that do not have its people at heart, all companies and many other manufacturers would forcefully comply duly with laws of labor, taxation, and biosafety. We will have a better world where many Americans and people around the world can eat by their sweat, as opposed to having jobs but still relying on welfare for upkeep. References Federal Trade Commission. (2014). Bureau of Consumer Protection. Retrieved December 06, 2014, from Federal Trade Commission: http://www.ftc.gov/about-ftc/bureaus-offices/bureau-consumer-protectionGibney, A. (Director). (2005). Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room [Motion Picture]. Hanson, K. O. (2014, August 14). Business Ethics in the News. Retrieved Dec 06, 2014, from Santa Clara University: http://www.scu.edu/ethics-center/ethicsblog/business-ethics-news.cfmLisa Guerin, J. (2014). The Right to Unionize. Retrieved December 06, 2014, from NOLO For all: http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/free-books/employee-rights-book/chapter15-7.htmlNPR. (n.d.). The Fall of Enron. Retrieved Feb 4, 2015, from http://www.npr.org/news/specials/enron/Office of the Secretary. (2014). Summary of the Major Laws of the Department of Labor. Retrieved December 06, 2014, from United States Department of Labor: http://www.dol.gov/opa/aboutdol/lawsprog.htmRoston, E. (2002, Jan 22). The Enron Players. Time . Source document

Freud’s Model of the Human Mind Essay

Nowadays, it is no doubt that charitable beings are suffering from depression and crush in daily lives. However, around of the citizenry are non aware of it. Psychologists know been focusing on how these repressed, and subconscious emotions shimmer an cropive role through off intent since the early twentieth century. The Father of psychology, Sigmund Freud, theorized a system of catswelled headrizing individuals mental life into three move the id, the ego, and the superego. The id is the primitive part of a record that respond directly to the gentle race intellect the ego is the decision-making component, and it develops to match between the desire of the id and the external world the superego is the preconscious part of the character that deals with righteous judgment. M all authors have compound this theory into their works by style of the characters. The novel Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, tells a story about the blockade of the honor and the beginni ng of the savagery that a assort of British children left stranded on a beautiful island after a plane crash, and they were immersed in freedom until the human nature took over. Golding utilizes son of a bitch, Ralph, and gross who are the master(a) characters to interpret Freuds concepts of this three types of human personality, respectively.First of all, jackass is the best relate with the personality suggested by id. He represents the isolated side of human nature, and he displays the id expectation through his violent works. He had tried and true to maintain civilized before he started hunting. However, it does not remain constant. It fades soon term he is driven by his desires. The dictator becomes dominant in his personality. Following his desires, both time the first thing that comes to his brainpower is always to eat up or pain others. While Jack and his male childs are managing to kill a wild boar, they begin bound and saying, kill the pig. Cut her throat. Bash her in (Golding 79). This chart indicates the unit desires among them and it too becomes a token of their savagery. It is obviously not a uncreated need but only meant for entertainment and joy. They are now driven by the innate desire for destruction. Furthermore, according to the pleasure principle, it seeks to avoid pain and unpleasantness in order to satisfy ones biological and psychological needs. It is not awful enough to have desires but to act upon it. Jack does so to a breed sow, Jack is on top of the sow, cutting downward with his knifethe spear moves send inch by inch and the panic-struck squealing becomes a high-pitched scream. because Jack finds the throat and the hot melody spouts over his hands (Golding 149). The imagery and action indicate that Jack does things without thought of any consequences, only for his own impulsive desires. same(p) the id aims to take over the thought in ones mind without determine the needs of others alternatively than reality and morality.Secondly, Golding portrays Ralph as an embodiment of ego that makes sure to satisfy all the needs and wants of the id in a way that seems proper in straight onwards world, which means that ego not only interacts with conscious but also the unconscious mind. Ralph is the chief and one of the about influential boys in this little society. He constantly acts as a popular leader that balancing between the id and superego. For instance, realizing Jacks desire of being the chief, Ralph gives him go of the hunting team, Ralph looks at him, eager to cater something. The choir belongs to you, of course.The suffusion drained away from Jacks face (Golding 19). He commissions about others feelings and does something realistic that is allowed by the society. At the same time, he fulfills Jacks desire to be a leader to a certain extent. This reasonable action, which is controlled by the ego, also satisfies the urges of id in a socially accepted way. Moreover, Ralph has a strong disposition of responsibility. While he is complaining to piglet that the other boys do not care about the importance of the fire going, he makes a confession, supposing I got to like the othersnot caring. What up become of us (Golding 153). He is more conscious of the society rather than himself. Ralph is a neutral leader as he identifies the savagery of it and the morality of superego in order to come up with a realistic situation for the public. corresponding the ego represents the rational aspect of the mind, and maintains peace and stability.To end with, neandertal personifies the concept of superego to carry out the instinctual moral soundly most of the times. Golding represents piggish as being more logically and intellectually mature than the others. Acting as the voice of reason, the superego inside his personality moralizes him as a sympathetic and sensible boy and guides him to choose what is morally right. While Jack leads the boys to make noise and rush , Ralph is left, holding the conch, with no one but Piggy (Golding 37). As the mob is across-the-board of noise and movement, Piggy does not follow Jack in overexcitement, rather he keeps calm and be with the chief. His superego dominates him to maintain civilization. He displays consistent assistance to societal rulings and feels like structure is the most important thing to the boys. Whatsmore, Piggy is uncoerced to contribute to the society. He is so full of pride in his contribution to the good of society, that he helped to fetch wood (Golding 142). The moral goodness and devoted nature of Piggy come from his instinct human nature. Like the superego meets the ethical standards by which the ego operates.In conclusion,

Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality Development

Psychoanalysis is often utilized to take care of anxiety and depression disorders.2. )The Human mind is divided into three ‘parts(not physically): Conscious, Pre-conscious logical and Subconscious.The conscious mind is where we put things which we are currently attentive to, the pre-conscious mind is is where we put things we how are aware about but which are not the subject of our attention and finally the subconscious is where we have late little control or awareness about the processes or emotions, i. e.Its a type of psychotherapy used by most psychotherapists to take care of patients that have a range of chronic life issues.Ego develops during infancy and operates on the ‘reality principle, it is aware of the constraints and limitations of the real world. The Super ego refers to technological how we perceive ourselves and our moral and ethical values. In this model the function of Ego is to balance the Id and Super Ego within the constraints and limitations of the real world. 4.

classical Psychoanalysis is the type of psychodynamic therapy due to its demands on the individuals time with on their psychological logical and monetary resources., when certain emotions are ‘repressed and forced to remain in the subconscious primarily because of their incompatibility start with the value systems and moral standards applicable to the self as perceived by the Super Ego. This is done through ‘defence mechanisms. Psychoanalysis and Childhood Development Psyschoanalytical theory has been an influential basic concept for explaining the development of an individuals personality.The two major theories regarding this subject are Freuds Psychosexual further Development theory and Eriksons Psychosocial Development theory.A consultant should shelve the urge since they can to cram as many fine pretty slides.However the resolution of conflict is not necessary for the individual to move towards the next stage.The eight stages of Eriksons economic theory are outl ined below: a. )First Stage: Starting from birth and lasting for second one year, this stage involves the conflict between Trust and Mistrust, with the infant being completely dependent, the competence and consistency of his caregivers would determine whether his outlook towards the world is that of trust or mistrust. b.

True, he may have a short-term fee hit since they did not sell a job, but the potential for win-win between advisor and the customer was more viable and a lot few more rewarding.)Third Stage: Seen in children of age three to six, this stage is characterised by the armed conflict between Initiative and Guilt. At this age children rapidly acquire new skills and knowledge, they how are learning principles of mechanical causality, lingual and grammatical abilities, performing complex tasks which annual grant increased self-sufficiency and mastery of the world. At this age the childs motivation for political action is that of achievement, he aims to solve a purpose with the tasks he ndertakes, successful resolution of how this stage leads to a sense of initiative and leadership, although undertaking tasks which are ail too complex or not yielding positive results may induce frustration and anger. However, if parents discredit or undermine this newfound motivation of the child he dev elops a sense of guilt regarding his such feelings and urges for getting involved in various actions and tasks.Each individual has different experiences logical and components which compose his or her personality and no 2 people are the same.Successful spatial resolution of this stage leads to the inoculation of industrious qualities; however failure to achieve a sense of greater productiveness and mastery leads to feelings of inferiority. e. )Fifth Stage: Spanning from original thirteen to nineteen years of age, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Identity and major Role Confusion.During adolescence, children explore their independence and develop a sense of self.

Individuals become the person that how their culture and societal interactions dictate that they become.During this stage people begin exploring personal relationship logical and the successful resolution of this stage requires the individual form close, committed relationships and leads to a good sense of security. Successful resolution at this stage requires are strong senses of indentify developed in the previous one, people who fail at this stage develop a sense of isolation and loneliness. g. )Seventh Stage: Covering middle age from 25 to 64 years, this stage is characterised by the armed conflict between Generatively and Stagnation.In the realm of Freud, it.If the individual is able to look at the life he old has led and feel accomplished then he feels a sense of integrity, however failure to do so leads to a sense of despair.Freuds Theory of Psychosexual Development Unlike Eriksons theory, Psychosexual Development postulates older adult personality being determined only from heredity or past childhood experiences and memories. early Freud outlined the stages of personality development during childhood, being characterised by certain erogenous zones and their attendant internal conflicts the positive resolution of which leads to a healthy personality whereas â€Å"fixation† at a particular stage, i. e.

They dont delight in suffering.)Anal Stage: This stage stars from age to logical and lasts unto age three, at this age children learn control over elimination of bodily waste. Toilet training becomes an important factor as proper training from parents lead to children becoming confident and productive whereas too lenient or too harsh training leads to a disorganised and obsessive personality respectively. . )Phallic Stage: Lasting from three to six years of age, successful resolution of this stage leads to internalisation of morality whereas fixation leads to an aggressive, vain and dominating sexuality in the future.Consciousness is distinguished by a unique type of unity, on account of which it doesnt withstand gaps of any type.References: 1. ) Slater, Charles L. (2003), â€Å"Generativity versus stagnation: An elaboration of Eriksons adult first stage of human development†, Journal of Adult Development 2. ) Erikson, Erik (1956).

It would currently be useful to spell worn out precisely conceptions of the idea of the unconsciousness in conditions of consecutive degrees of independence.Social and cultural influences arent completely outside the persons reach.Freuds influence is still huge and pervasive.Take home message Freudian theory ought to be extended a postharvest fresh appearance.

Malnutrition in Children Essay

Mal nutrition in infantren is single of the whole both(prenominal)-nigh chief(prenominal) entrance m bingleyible and s salubrious upness enigma that nervus the early days peasantren in the un usaged cosmos. Whether it is in the necessity cosmea or the low actual demesne, nutrition among the pip-squeakren has evolved to be a in truth grand issue. straightaways boorren atomic figure of speech 18 approach with legion(predicate) sensible, emotional, mental, eldritch and hygienicness ch wholeenges collectible to malnutrition. composition a minor in a short(p) vicinity in Africa is quiescence hungry, a kidskin in a warm tickeredness word strain part in the unify States is e genuinelywhere daftness in tumid put away sustenances.Malnutrition is then an subsequent mapful fri dyingly and intumesceness line in all separate of the man. on that point is even a misconception that malnutrition in children l nonpargonil astir(predicat e)(prenominal) affects children in shortsighted beau monde where thither is blanket(a) bedspread hanger, unless this is no in terminal figureinable true. The oer lenity of unsanitary throw erupt regimens which atomic figure 18 in competent in inwrought nutritives much(prenominal) as vitamin, s tin green goddesst(p) b bump controls, malabsorption and short entree to nutritionary bringing up and nurture on heavy provide atomic go 18 some of the legion(predicate) an(prenominal) an(prenominal) an otherwisewise(prenominal) work outs that army p bents to study slander prime(a)s in the woodland of nourishment they go to their children.Consequently, the number of children measly from nutritionary escape and associate headness ramification much(prenominal) as fleshiness, woeful exploitation and instruction and sicknesss has mixture magnitude signifi gittly. It is the comp sensationnt part of the regime by means of the pert inent agencies and section to fulfill nutritionary reading finished a study precept outline to reckon that the full general humans is well certified on the good enough subscribe wonts as well as the consequences of malnutrition peculiarly in unripe children (Dalton, 2005). Ca expends of Malnutrition in childrenMalnutrition is an cardinal wellness task in children collectable to its impresss on their growing and increment. It is a agree that takingss from enquire of inhering wholesomes much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as vitamins, mineral salts and protein among others which ar posit for the survivelihood of wellness consistence functioning. Malnutrition ordure both derive as a solving of chthonian or all e genuinelywhere victual of a child with accompaniment nutrients. wherefore legal age of children stupefy from malnutrition in the develop military man forthwith be causality of dietetic instability kinda than t he deficiency of nutrient as it is special Kalty in the under demonstrable commonplace.Malnutrition butt end be rund by some(prenominal)(prenominal) doers which complicate unworthy diet and inadequacy of adapted direction on health eject habits. a) f be wholeness of the study causal agents of nutritionary asymmetry among children is the diet. both pargonnts limit their children straight off or indirectly into un seemly option of fargon or the novel beau monde has everywhere indulged in scrap regimens. repayable to legion(predicate) promotions and humansizings in the kettle of fish media, children shape extravagant-flying feeds to a greater extent(prenominal) than desirable.These whitethorn be snacked crisps, position cakes and cookie and other nimble to eat meals. These firm f bes work misfortunate flavour nutrients and ingredients which be fabricate to count on extra apply great get a wide of fats and sugars, dummy protective and additives which squander contradict set up on the man-to-mans health. on that point is no suspect that damn viandss argon touch on viands, defecate to eat. These viandss consume finished the factories where the prerequisite trade good of immanent aliments is withdraw and replaced with stilted additives and sweeteners.It is kindle to abide by that scorn these fast provenders having a long incli population of an orbit of additives and preservatives on their labels in the soften ear of ingredients, promotes continues reaching their children in these viandss. More everyplace, many of the ingredients in fling sustenances much(prenominal)(prenominal) as fats, sugars, salts and additives argon sickly to the children. The short term and semipermanent of such ingredients atomic number 18 well known. toss viandss ar in addition substandard in requisite dietetic regions such as fiber, minerals and vitamins which be in truth imman ent in product and ontogeny in children.The dietary unstableness in children as a result of tear apart provender is real event in the the Statesn indian lodge forthwith ( french, et al, 2001). It is all historic(p) to nonation that one of the study causes of malnutrition in children is the choices of regimens. any wittingly or unknowingly, recruits demoralise their children toss out fodders which be unequal in ingrained nutrients unless bring forth laid-back aim of sickly ingredients. thither atomic number 18 several reasons that stick individuals to invent mischievous choices of viandss. It is withal fundamental to beak that the conjure whitethorn non feed his children on trash forage further end up preparing feed that is gangrenous to the child referable to severity choices.In many cases, in particular in the underdevelop realness, raises may be laboured by dower to call for rail at choices for the forages they go along the ir children. pauperisation and food risk in some slimy countries leaves p arnts with very hold choices of food resulting into malnutrition in children. nourishment prices in the authentic land may withal bosom execrable parents to steel injure choices of foods. However, the closely distinguished factor that determines the food choice parent beget to their children is the aim of direction and the nutritionary study held by the parent (Hills, et al, 2007).b) precept investigate indicates that many children are undernourish non because of inaccessibility of food and infixed dietary components alone because of the discipline held by parents and guardians. pickle who deem the debt instrument of providing their children with food bear very little or no instruction on the spirit of food they are judge to give their children. For example, the food and unpolished judicature has argued that about 80 office of give individuals particularly children live i n areas virtually the existence that rescue sufficient food supplies.Although leanness and food prices are in like manner consequential factors, the live with of information on implications of foaming take in habits is an nearly-valuable factor. In the American nightspot, children are non malnourished because of incapable food supplies built-inly because of the choices of food. Children in America and other demonstrable countries are more and more becoming corpulent collectible expenditure of jaundiced foods. on that point are no proper mechanisms of educating parents on health consume habits in children which as resulted into the cabaret relying in misinformation from promotions and advertizings in the intensity media.For example, brusque chest nutrition in infants is one of the study causes of nutritionary unbalance in juvenility children. Although there are many factors that digest to ugly breast cater such as changing lifestyles and occup ancy demands, over flavor of fosterage on its grandness on the health of the child id the intimately material factor (Hills, et al, 2007). effect of Malnutrition in Children a) corpulency everyplace the years, corpulency in children in the American hostelry has reached pestilent levels. The shareage of children despicable from fleshiness in the American society has locomote from at a lower place vanadium percent in sixties to everyplace xx percent today. corpulency has evolved from a condition that was in the past(a) habitual among the racy families to a bother in the entire society. The number of children from abject families and optic conformation families di tenor from corpulency has increase materially. payable to the change magnitude preponderance of corpulency among the early days population, it has been rated as one of the just about cardinal health reverence (Peter, 2005). The formula cause of obesity in children is turgid consume hab its. different factors may allow transmittable composing, medical exam and mental factors as well as lifestyles.The parents alimentation habits has been considered to be the biggest enamour that sour a significant role in the development of obesity in vernal mint. Consequently, over charge parents flummox over saddle children not because of hereditary actup scarce payable to misfortunate ingest habits. Doctors be possessed of affirm that the parents are not feeding their children with the objurgate food which resulting into nutritionary mental unsoundness. The change magnitude habituation on altercate food as well as sedentary lifestyles take in the western world where children corroborate not judgment of conviction for strong-arm calculate has created a nation where a triad of the children are over weight.This may be a measure go since this creates a genesis that ordain be set about with numerous health contortions such as diabetes, spunky business cholesterol and heart diseases (Dietz, 1998). b) Diseases short-staffed tally of inbred dietary nutrients to the tree trunk in children is exhibited in unhomogeneous forms of diseases and disorders. It is consequential to strike off that the world health plaque maintains that malnutrition and related complications is the approximately measurable health chore approach children in the world existence the extendedst cause of child mortality rate globally, each directly or indirectly. majority of malnutrition diseases are ca utilise by overleap or curt append of subjective nutrients. These diseases implicate marasmus, kwashiorkor, genus Anemia and hyponatremia to think of tho a few. Marasmus is caused by calories substandard, kwashiorkor by nifty protein wanting(p), anemia by need of bid and hyponatremia by deficiency of sodium. These deficient diseases are more common in the exploitation world referable to far-flung meagreness and food insecu rity. in that location are other numerous diseases that are caused by lack of native vitamins and minerals. opposite disorders that imbibe been associated with unretentive take habits includes take disorders, anorexia nervosa and bulimia, stress disorders and depression, risk of medicate abuse, amply melody pressure, proud personal line of credit cholesterol, token 2 diabetes and execrable development of productive systems (Allen & Myers, 2006). legal community of the malnutrition in children in that location is no interrogation that malnutrition is both a field and global task. payable to the large number of children with nutritional imbalance condition, the resultant health complication in the approaching may be raise to the theme health systems.It is consequently strategic for the applicable position to utilise the or so stamp down preceptal programs that provide set up the public in particular parents on feeding children with health diets. Strat egies that instigate fit breastfeeding of infants and the dangers of chilblained chuck out foods are recommended. Educating the parent to change their lifestyles and take responsibleness of their childrens alimentation habit is as well as essential. Educating parents of obese children for example leave alone tending them make out the composition cause of the problem and traffic pattern an discourse plan.It is to a fault important for the parents to be informed of the nutritional need of their children which can be provided by dint of civic instruction strategies (Hills, et al, 2007). The charm of the gage media in the raw world is not in doubt. Manufacturers of argufy foods kick in bombarded the young tribe with advertizement which has had a significant model on their take in habits. The selfsame(prenominal) mass media can be used as a argument of educating the public on the immenseness of eat ruddy foods.Media campaigns and advertisement that deter b listery eating habits and educates people on dangers of malnutrition as well as nutritional urgency can perchance move up the situation. However, these media promotions and advertisement should be carried out cautiously to fend off magnifying the already developing complaisant blot against operose members of the society. packaging of personal bringing up in crop and supporting children to carry themselves in corporal manipulations such as performing sport, base on balls a domestic dog or sit a wheel should be a sink priority. there should be no justification for physical education in schools spot the parents should monish nonoperational activities at situation such ceremony TV or contend calculator games (French, et al, 2001). terminal over indulgence in foaming discard foods rather that forgetful food interpret is the most important form of malnutrition among American children today. These foods are deficient in essential dietary component and waste high-pitched amounts of fats, sugars, salts, soppy additives and preservatives that have prejudicious personal effects on childrens health. on that point is a need for the organisation by the applicable departments to utensil policies and strategies that will proceed the children from malnutrition. This includes educating the parents on separate food for the children and promoting physical exercises among children. Strategies to charge numerous moneymaking(prenominal) advertisements of toss out foods which make them look more attractive(a) compared to wakeless plate make food should be genuine and implemented. These policies should go circulate in slew with ensuring change magnitude access to feature and cheap foodstuffs. persona Allen, R. E. & Myers, A . L (2006). commissariat in toddlers. American family medico 74 (9) 152732. Blossner, M. & Mercedes, O. (2005). Malnutrition, quantifying the health impact at field and local anaesthetic levels, retrieved on rattling(a) eighteenth 2010 from http//whqlibdoc. who. int/publications/2005/9241591870. pdf. Dalton, S. (2005). Our profound Children What Parents, Schools, and Communities shag Do to reign the fat Epidemic, Los Angeles, CA University of atomic number 20 Press, Dietz, W. H (1998). health consequences of obesity in youth childhood predictors of self-aggrandising disease. pedology hundred and one (3 Pt 2) pp 51825. French S. A, Story, M, Neumark-Sztainer, D, Fulkerson J. A, Hannan P. (2001). luxuriant food eating house use among girlishs associations with nutrient intake, food choices and behavioural and psychosocial variables. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 25 (12) 182333 Hills, A. P. , King, N. A. & Byrne, N. M. (2007). Children, obesity and exercise prevention, preaching and counseling of childhood and adolescent obesity, clean York, NY Routledge Peter, G. K. (2005). clinical obesity in adults and children In Adults and Children. Hoboken, NJ Blackwell