Shakespeares Othello Essay - Honest Iago :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

Othello - Honest Iago The most interesting and round character in the tragic play Othello, byWilliam Shakespeare, is honest Iago. Through carefully though-out spoken languageand actions, Iago manipulates others to do things in which he benefits.Iago is the main driving force in Othello, pushing several characterstowards their tragic end. Iago is not a traditional villain for he plays a unique and complexrole. Unlike most villains in tragic plays, evidence of Iagos deceptionis not clearly visible. Iago is smart and an excellent judge of great dealand their characters. He uses this keen sense of knowledge to hisadvantage. For example, Iago knows that Roderigo has feelings forDesdemona and assumes he would do anything to have her as his own. Iagoattempts to manipulate Roderigo by sayingIt cannot be that Desdemona should long continue her wonder to the Moor-put money in thy base- nor he his to her It is a violent commencement,and thou shalt see and answerable sequestration put but mo ney in thypurse. Act I, stab III. By playing on Roderigos hopes, Iago swindles money and jewels fromRoderigo, making himself a substantial profit. Iago also says, Thus do Iever make my fool my purse Act I, sight III once Roderigo has left.Honest Iago cleverly disguises his own goals as Roderigo blindlyfollows him. Iago continually operates with alterier motives in Othello. Iago takesadvantage of his friendships with Cassio as well as Roderigo. Cassioblindly follows Iago, sentiment the entire time that Iago is trying tohelp him. During this whole time, Iago plans the demise of Cassio, hissupposed friend. In order to obtain Cassios position as lieutenant, Iagoconvinces Cassio to take another drink, intentional very well that it willmake him drunk and disgrace him. Iago obviously tries to tarnish Cassioscharacter when he says, What, man Tis a night of revels the gallantsdesire it Act II, Scene III. Iago is able to make Cassio defy his ownreasoning and reluctantly take another drin k. As a result of his deviousscheming, Iagos achieves his goal and Othello terminates Cassio as hislieutenant. Iago successfully manipulates the people around him bybuilding a trust, a trust in which all of Iagos victims believe to be anhonest trust. The friendship and honesty Iago falsely imposes upon Othello makes iteasy for Othello to never imagine the possibility that Iago has evilmotives. Othello holds Iago as his close friend and advisor. He believesIago to be a person, of exceeding honesty, who knows all qualities,

Biological Terrorism: Our City Streets as the New Battlefield Essay

Biological Terrorism Our City Streets as the New BattlefieldThe last 60-70 years of the twentieth hundred world power be called the modern era of biological warfare. During this period, nation states developed biological weapons to be used on a far- outside(a) European battlefield. flat after ratification of the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972, the most impressive BW program in the history of mankind continued for 20 years, effectively captive in secrecy. Yet between 1970 and 1990, little thought was given to the possibility of a biological warfare or biological terrorist attack on US cities. Funding for biological defense in the US was minimal and most of the federal government was oblivious about the threat. In fiscal year 2000, the US government has committed more than $1.5 billion to military biodefense and another $1 billion to domestic preparedness for biological attack. What happened? In 1991, the US decisively engaged the Iraqi force, demonstrating vast conventional technical superiority while the world watched on CNN. Shortly thereafter, with economic implosion in the Former Soviet Union, our uphold turned to the fate of tens of thousands of Russian scientists and engineers who had developed an impressive programwhich may never be surpassed in scale or offensive capability. We feared that lesser nations mightiness turn to now jobless Russian bioweaponeers for help in human bodying their great equalizer. All this occurred with a backdrop of increasing evidence that the dual-use nature of bioweapons programs might make treaties unverifiable. Here at home, the equally dual-use biotechnological revolution screamed forward while novels imprinted the horror of bioterrorism on our minds and experts proclaimed that there are no... ...se who would use these breakthroughs for evil---taking away their freedom through effective intelligence programs and law enforcement---we will be more likely to stay steps ahead as we use the technologies for good, and deliver the goods an additional deterrent to the threat. Bioterrorism presents a daunting problem to our free society, especially at the unique intersection of politics and biotechnology that occurred during the last decennium of the 20th century. We may have been lulled by our prosperity and strategic isolation from major conflict into a sense of invulnerability. However, we are vulnerable todayand there is no reason to believe that will change in the near future. We must carefully evaluate the real threat, make the hard cost-benefit decisions and continue to build a fully integrated defense against the distortion of biology by those who would do us harm.

Maijuana Legalized For Good :: essays research papers

People pay off been using Marijuana as a medicine for thousands of years, beginning in China, India, and the Middle East. The plants therapeutic potential became known in Western countries during the nineteenth century. From 1840 to 1900, more than a hundred articles on cannabis appeared in European and American medical journals, recommending it as an appetite stimulant, muscle relaxant, painkiller, sedative, and anti-convulsions. The use of Marijuana should be legalized in Canada for the benefits of individuals suffering from a variety of medical problems. Marijuana as a medicine, however, cannot be established with the Governments permission to test the drug and legalize it.Marijuana has undergone analysis for its use as a medicine and the results engage shown improvements in the patients who were treated with this drug.. The Government proclaims there is no therapeutic value in the medicinal use of marijuana, but they do not have clayey evidence to prove it. Ira Glasser, execu tive director of the American Civil Liberties Union, expressed the government has demonized all drug use without differentiation and has systematically and hysterically resisted science. Doctors have expressed opposite opinions as well, making this issue very controversial. The controversy falls in the hands of the government, that marijuana is not a proficient medicine, versus the doctors who research the topic for medicinal purposes. Established, not all doctors feel cannabis should be a legal prescribed medicine, smoking marijuana is risky, but likewise recommended that critically ill patients should be allowed to use it under closely monitored settings. On the other hand, the more the government and doctors debate and try to solve this medicine issue, all the way then, more experiments and test will be done.Marijuana proven not to cause any harmful, long-term effects to individuals suffering from medical hopelessness, cannot be tolerated. Doctors consider that they should be able to have prescribed the drug, when the patient is in need Marijuana contains more than 400 chemicals, when smoked, it produces over 2,000 chemicals that enter the body through the lungs. These chemicals have a variety of immediate, short-term effects. In addition, the repeated use of marijuana has been linked to a number of long- term effects marijuana including both psychological and physical reactions. These reactions usually last for three to five hours after a person has smoked marijuana. The psychological reaction, known as a high, consists of changes in the users feelings and thoughts. such(prenominal) changes are caused mainly by THC, a chemical in marijuana that impairs brain function.

Should Committed Environmentalists Choose to Adopt a Vegan/Vegetarian D

IntroductionThe environmental impacts of a victuals based in animal products is well documented and is the source of much debate. According to a controversial United Nations report entitled Livestocks Long Shadow (2006),The livestock orbit emerges as matchless of the top two or three near significant contributors to the most serious environmental problems, at every scale from topical anaesthetic to global. For those committed to reducing their environmental impacts, one solution would be to transfer to a vegetarian or even vegan diet. It is not necessarily ethical to prescribe one way of being for environmentalists all over the world, especially without thinking about differences in cultures. However, most committed environmentalists should adopt a vegetarian or vegan diet, with a hardly a(prenominal) caveats. This is because (1) animal products are an inefficient source of protein in terms of environmental impact, (2) the greenhouse gas emissions from an animal product-based d iet is significantly higher than a plant-based diet and (3) animals are part of the environment and their treatment is as important as the treatment of the planet as a whole.Differing views Among EnvironmentalistsEnvironmentalists take up many causes in their fight to protect nature. Their tactics can involve direct-action, petitions, media stunts and boycotts. Boycotting a company that is involved in unethical behaviour can be very good and one of the simplest, most direct ways to exercise your consumer power, since most of the worlds population is embedded in the capitalist economic system. Three areas that research has shown we contribute most of our greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is through transportation, home energy and food, all areas in which committed environmentalists are ... ...rent dietary protein choices, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 78, p. 664s-668s. Stepaniak J, 2000, Being vegan living(a) with conscience, conviction, and compassion, Lowell House, L os Angeles. Tukker, A & Jansen, B 2006, Environmental impacts of products a detailed review of studies, Journal of Industrial Ecology, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 159182. Waller, D, 1997, A vegetarian critique of deep and social ecology, moral philosophy and the Environment, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 187-197. Weber, CL & Matthews, HS 2008, Food-miles and the relative climate impacts of food choices in the United States, Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 3508-3513. Wells, T 2005, The world in your kitchen, New internationalist Publications, Oxford. Yacoubou, J 2011, Ecocriticism as vegetarian activism, Vegetarian Journal, vol, 30, No. 2, pp. 12-14.

The Great Pyramid of Giza :: Ancient Egypt Egyptian History

The Great Pyramid of Giza The pyramids of Ancient Egypt are as fascinating and intriguing, as they are breathtaking. Egyptologists and historians defecate long debated the question of who built the pyramids, and for what reason. There are many different and often conflicting theories in regard to the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza. When twist back the pages of history, it is discovered that a number of theories have been developed to explain the presence of such a significant historical landmark. Theories vary from a grave for a king, to a special chemical factory, a beacon for extraterrestrial aircrafts, a stone form of the Bible, a possible way to contact a Higher Being and a stone announcement of the second coming of Christ... (Schillings, M. 1999 Sheet 1). Such examples of varying controversial theories have sparked a number of speculations to the brain-teaser of the Great Pyramid of Giza. According to traditional Egyptology, the Great Pyramid of Giza was built by Egyptian pharaoh Khufu during the Fourth Dynasty around ...the year 2560 BCE... (Schillings, M. 1999 Sheet 1). It has been suggested that the Egyptian refinement succeeded in establishing a complex and organised work force of people to create and build an astonishing burial tomb for the pharaoh in aid of his locomote to the afterlife. However, contrary to this suggestion, one must ask why the modern Egyptians continue to rely on traditional beliefs and attitudes to explain the presence of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Could this be the prefect example of nationalistic views? It could be argued that as a result of the continual spread of Egyptian hearsay, the Egyptians obtained the understanding that the entire civilisation - past and present - is in some manner superior in status to that of the average mortal man. Undoubtedly, in modern times, the world has gained an increased awareness of the uncertainties that surround investigations into such a distant past. in spite of sever al emerging historical puzzles and conclusions, modern Egyptians continue to adhere to the theory presented by traditional Egyptology. The sheer size, the huge proportions and the amazing geographical positioning of the pyramid have greatly contributed to the rise of uncertainty as to its origin and purpose. The construction of the pyramid was no mean feat, regardless of the creator. Considering the fact that the pyramid is ...thirty times larger than the Empire State Building.

The Great Pyramid of Giza :: Ancient Egypt Egyptian History

The Great pyramid of Giza The pyramids of Ancient Egypt ar as fascinating and intriguing, as they are breathtaking. Egyptologists and historians have long debated the question of who built the pyramids, and for what reason. There are many different and often conflicting theories in regard to the construction of the Great profit of Giza. When turning back the pages of history, it is discovered that a way out of theories have been developed to explain the presence of such a significant historical landmark. Theories vary from a tomb for a king, to a special chemical factory, a beacon for extraterrestrial aircrafts, a stone form of the Bible, a possible way to affect a Higher Being and a stone announcement of the second coming of Christ... (Schillings, M. 1999 Sheet 1). Such examples of varying controversial theories have sparked a number of speculations to the mystery of the Great Pyramid of Giza. According to traditional Egyptology, the Great Pyramid of Giza was built by Egyptian pharaoh Khufu during the Fourth Dynasty around ...the year 2560 BCE... (Schillings, M. 1999 Sheet 1). It has been suggested that the Egyptian civilisation succeeded in establishing a complex and organised work force of people to create and build an astonishing burial tomb for the pharaoh in serve of his journey to the afterlife. However, contrary to this suggestion, one must ask why the modern Egyptians continue to rely on traditional beliefs and attitudes to explain the presence of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Could this be the prefect example of nationalistic views? It could be argued that as a result of the continual spread of Egyptian hearsay, the Egyptians obtained the understanding that the entire civilisation - past and arrange - is somehow superior in status to that of the average mortal man. Undoubtedly, in modern times, the world has gained an increased awareness of the uncertainties that surround investigations into such a long-distance past. Despite several emerging historical puzzles and conclusions, modern Egyptians continue to adhere to the theory presented by traditional Egyptology. The sheer size, the huge proportions and the amazing geographical posture of the pyramid have greatly contributed to the rise of uncertainty as to its origin and purpose. The construction of the pyramid was no mean feat, regardless of the creator. Considering the fact that the pyramid is ...thirty times larger than the Empire State Building.

Wolves Should Be Hunted

Wolves Should be Hunted The Grey Wolf was reintroduced in the United States in the mid 1990s after years of extinction. In 1973 Northern uptight Mountain wolf subspecies were listed on the endangered species list. In 1980 congress started talking about reintroducing the wolf back into the U. S. Since then this has been a heated debate. physical rights activists were all for bringing the wolves back while many other opposed it. (Wolf Reintroduction How the Wolves Came Back) The thing that the government forgot to think about was that they were reintroducing a wolf that was not aborigine to the U.S. and that this wolf was much bigger, aggressive, and used to much harsher weather conditions than the Timberwolves native to the U. S. , when they decided to introduce Canadian Wolves. Canadian wolves weigh from 160 to 180 pounds, they are large killing machines. Upon reintroducing gray wolves they also promised that once the wolves reached a certain population, they would be hunted to k eep the wolf population to a sustainable topic. The government premiere reintroduced the Canadian Gray Wolves into the Yellowstone National Park and Idaho. They started with 35 Canadian Gray Wolves.They said their plan was to increase the wolf population to 300 and to at least 30 breeding pairs across Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana. The government then promised that states that were forced to accept wolves would be able to manage them once they reached a healthy breeding monetary fund and were settled. The Government said that the reason for the reintroduction was to view the Elk population that had grown out of control in the Yellowstone National park. (Harkings, 2009) They argued by bringing a indispensable predator back into the ecosystem that this would take care of the over population of wapiti naturally.They said that the wolves would come in and take out the elk that were sick and failing. In the beginning this worked, however when the elk number were back to where they sh ould be and the wolf number and packs grew, the government failed to let the state start managing them as they had promised before. This has brought much fit with the ranchers and sportsmen. The Governments plan worked so well that when the Canadian Wolves who are very territorial, spread into the small population of Timberwolves, they took over pushing the few native wolves out of the rural area killing them.The Federal Governments Biologists failed to mention that this could happen. The wolves very quickly began to form packs and multiply. A typical breeding pair of wolves leave watch twain litters of pups a year and with each litter they have up to twelve pups. This is the reason the wolf population has grown out of control. According to Idaho Fish and wager Idaho currently has 846 wolves in 88 packs and 39 of them are breeding packsThe Canadian Wolves are now threatening healthy elk and deer. (Harkings, 2009) The elk and deer populations are now dwindling due to more harsh winters and wolves.They are also killing ranchers livestock and putting ranchers offbeat at stake. Wolves have been proved to kill not only for food but for sport. For every one animal they kill to eat they kill ternion more just for the fun of it. Biologists call this sport-reflex killing or lustful killing the Canadian Gray wolves are killing machines (Harkings, 2009). They have also been proved to kill peoples dogs just for the fun of it. A wolf typically consume 16-24 hooved animals a year for consumption but that number must be doubled for all the animals that the wolf kills for sport and leaves left to die or rot. Harkings, 2009) The forests are being littered by carcasses left by the wolf. Wolves will wait until an elk, deer, or moose cow are giving birth and kill both the cow and the calf. Either eating them or expiration them and moving on to the next kill. They will dig up hibernating bears and kill them for both food and sport. When wolves are hunting in packs they a re afraid of nothing. They will attack adult male grizzly bears and adult male moose. They are fearless and the only predators wolves have are humans. (Wood, 2005) That is why we need to start dictatorial their population before we have no hooved animals left.Wolves are such big killing animals that when they have taken out a species they will offer on their own and kill them for food. Wolves will stop at nothing they are killing machines that have to be stopped and their populations must be maintained before they become more out of control. Wolves have become so bold they have now been videoed stalking hunters in Northern Idaho. They also tested to attack a woman who was walking up her driveway. I would hate to think what would have happened if she didnt have her cell phone and help hadnt arrived soon enough.They are becoming more and more fearless every day and are coming closer and closer to humans. We not only have to put the fear back into wolves for our own safety but for t heirs. If we do not do something now wolves are going to diminish all of our bats hooved animals and start moving closer and closer to captivity. They are fearless and will stop at nothing. That is why we need to start taking control of the wolf before the wolf takes control of us. We have to start hunting wolves and maintaining their populations before these murderous creatures takes over.So go out get a tag and now and kill a wolf. Works Cited Harkings, D. (2009, June). Idaho Home to over 4,000 of the Biggest Baddest Wolves in America. Retrieved November 15, 2011, from http//proliberty. com/observer/20090623. htm Wolf Reintroduction How the Wolves Came Back. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 13, 2011, from http//www. class. uidaho. edu/kpgeorge/issues/wolves_reintroduction/reintroduction_question. htm Wood, K. (2005, January 29). The Truth About Those Canadian Wolf Reintroductions. Retrieved November 13, 2011, from http//rliv. com/wolf/DailyChronicalTruth. pdf

Gender Roles Seen in Toys

Gender Roles and Toys By Shawna Robb English 101 Professor Solomon One path has pretty pink wallpaper with a princess border the other is blue with monster trucks on one-wall and sports pictures on a nonher. It is not hard to tell which room is pistillate and which room is male. Male and female argon used in this instance to define grammatical sex activitys. Gender, un interchangeable sex, is a universal guideline upon which individuals be placed. Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behavior, and activities that a particular society considers appropriate for men and women.When the pressure of gender stereotypes is open to debate some say there argon prenatal influences that are gender based. What is obvious is that gender acquires a signifi screwt role when it comes to the dallys people select for their fryren and the way that tinker companies market them. Toys-R-Us is a United States based toy company who has been taken to task for marketing designs that reflec t or promote gender specific toys.It is wrong that toy stores, like Toys-R-Us, clearly divides the toys by gender in stores and in toy advertisements because it teaches children how they are sibylline to be in order to be accepted by society, promotes aggressive behavior for males and a passive attitude for females. Stereotypical boy toys are things like natural process figures and toy cars. These are both active and aggressive, which is masculine representing how men are supposed to be in society. Girls toys are often dolls, dress up, and toys that mimic household duties. That is stereotypical because its saying girls are passive, not active.It is setting standards that girls drop dead in the home for their future while boys get doctor kits or chemistry sets that give them higher goals. Introducing children to these gender role ideas this early is shaping them for the balance of their lives. The worlds leading fast food franchise has an interest in the gender of its young custo mers. At McDonalds a very popular childs meal is the happy meal. When a Happy Meal is ordered the worker always asks if the child is a boy or a girl. This lets the worker know what type of toy to put in with the meal.The McDonalds worker could ask if the customer wants a hot wheels or a mini Barbie but rather they learn the gender of the customer and stereotypically provide the toy. Toy stores separate their store by toys for girls and toys for boys. The girl isle has stereotypical girl colors like pink, purple, and yellow. each of these colors are light when the boys section has colors like red, blues, black, brown and green. All of the boys colors are darker and less pretty. Just from that quick look down the isle one cigaret notice which is for girls versus boys. The dark colors are less southing and action oriented.The girl colors, are lighter making them much more calm and subdued. This same pattern can be seen in advertisements on video recording. Female enjoin commercia ls are light colors, with softer music usually having lyrics that explain the toy and giving passive examples for what can be done with the toy. Boys commercials however spend a penny the message that they are going to go out and do something active with the toy. The music for masculine toys is generally uplifting and motivating, which makes a boy excited to play with the toy. Commercials cannot be avoided and they reach almost all boys and girls on a day-to-day basis.One interesting area in looking at the influences of toys and gender is the denote of toys relative to levels of aggression. The television airwaves are filled with toy advertising. Is there a relationship between this advertising and levels of violence, does this relationship show a gender diagonal? For example a parent might wonder if the purchase of boy oriented toys for their child might increase the childs risk for fair impetuous. The parent might also wonder if merely watching the advertisements themselves i ncrease childrens risk for becoming violent.In 2001 Kilinger, Hamilton and Cantrell offered the observation that the use of commercials to sell childrens toy products could have a socialization impact on children similar to that of television programming. Banduras Social Learning Theory says, human behavior is transmitted, whether purposely or inadvertently, largely through exposure to social models(Bandura 1). When a child thinks that a behavior entrust be punished versus rewarded but instead is not even acknowledged they will perceive it as a reward. Children usually continue rewarded behavior to receive more praise.Television is seen as a tops(p) tutor to Bandura, the child will model what they see on television, not knowing if it is good or bad. For those children whose parents are not good role models, the television becomes the behavioral role model. If violence and aggression is viewed on the television, it is more likely that children will engage in violent and aggressive behavior. While television can model appropriate behavior, there is a well-documented tendency for violence and aggression. Advertisements are difficult to avoid since they are interwoven in shows and they tend to emphasize violent and aggressive behavior (Kilinger 13).In the study by Kilinger, Hamilton and Cantrell they observed childrens perceptions of aggressive content, stereotypic sex-role behavior, and appropriateness of television toy commercials(Kilinger, 11). The results of the study support the conception that there is a gender bias in terms of aggressive content and consequently aggression potential. The results did show that toys and the advertisements for them aimed toward boys were more aggressive than that of the toys that are gender neutral or aimed toward girls. The commercials shown were clearly sex role stereotyped.This is consistent with other research that has supported the idea that boys are more socialized toward aggression. Boys may be more desensitized to a ggression as a result of gender stereotyped toy commercials as well as their toy selections in the past. Again, this is a debate for concern since commercials are unavoidable while watching television. While the promotion of aggression is certainly an adequate reason to exercise great care when it comes to toy and gender, it is not the only reason. Parents do support gender bias toys from the time the child is born.More often than not, a boy will receive toys that are focused towards boys and girls will receive stereotypical girl toys. The children do not go out and buy this themselves their parents will pick out their toys until the child is already taught what they should like. Parents will find out they are having a boy or a girl then base everything around that detail, like the room color example, children and baby clothes are also gender biased as well as their toys. When the girl is playing with girl toys she will be rewarded for the right interests, as would a boy playing wi th a boy toy.They will then continue this behavior to get their parents approval. If a father sees their son playing with a Barbie doll or asking to be a princess, their father might send them saying those are girl things urging them to play with a male biased toy. One thing Social Learning Theory has assumed is that keep and punishment is the means by which parents socialize children. The study named Parental Socialization of Young Childrens Play, done by Eisenberg, Wolchik, Hernandez and Pasternack, observed the parents involvement with enforcing gender stereotypes.This study found that parents do reward their children for same-sex toy play. It is not only the toy companies that enforce gender roles in toys the people ski tow the child are also responsible for teaching stereotypical thinking. The idea that cross-sexed interests are wrong does come from society and children start learning this from the time they are born. (Eisenberg, Wolchik, Hernandez and Pasternack 1506). A th irteen-year-old Swedish boy, Hannes Psajd, spoke out about the gender focused toys in Toys-R-Us. Hannes said that the 2008 Toys-R-Us Christmas Catalog showed boys playing with different toys than girls do.The boy said that he and his sister always play with the same toys and there is nothing wrong with that. Psajd said that it sends the wrong message to girls, since they are playing with only passive toys. Hannes utter boys want to be princesses sometimes(Landes 1), demonstrating that this store does not only discriminate against girls. When the claim was looked into by a regulatory committee they stated that, Toys-R-Us discriminates based on gender and counteracts positive social behavior, lifestyles, and attitudes(1).This shows that children do recognize this problem if it is brought to their attention. The problem of toys defining gender roles does not completely restrest with Toys-R-Us but is a societal problem. Society has created the gender roles we now have and these roles a re often strict. While it will take time to make fundamental changes in gender bias a starting point could be the creation of more gender-neutral toys. These toys would have to find their way into homes and that could be a function of the advertising that is currently part of the problem.Parents need to be educated to nurture more flexible gender roles and allow children to explore their interests, even if this interest violates stereotypical norms. Boys and girls should have catch opportunity to play with a doll or a monster truck. Children are taught gender roles from the time they are born, toys are one way that this is taught to them. In a toy store like Toys-R-Us, it is clear to see which isle is for boys and which one is for girls. The colors and stereotypical gender bias toys show the clear parting in the store between feminine versus masculine toys.Television advertisements depict females as being passive while they promote aggressive behavior for males, this can lead to b oys acting violently in the future. Parents sometimes scold children who play with cross-sex toys, which will teach the child not to repeat this behavior. Gender roles teach a child what they are supposed to be, feminine or masculine, and toys to play a part in enforcing these gender stereotypes. Works Cited Bandura, Albert. Psychological Modeling Conflicting Theories. clams Aldine Atherton, 1971. Print. Eisenberg, Nancy, Walchik, Sharlene A. Hernandez, Robert, Pasternack, Jeannette F. Parental Socialization of Young Childrens Play A Short-Term Longitudinal Study. Child Development 56. 6 (1985) 1506-13. ERIC. EBSCO. Web. 5 Apr. 2011. Klinger, Lori J. , James A. Hamilton, Cantrell, Peggy J. Childrens Perceptions of Aggressive and Gender-Specific Content in Toy Commercials. Social Behavior and Personality 29. 1 (2001) 11-20. PsycINFO. EBSCO. Web. 5 Apr. 2011. Landes, David. ToysRUs Scolded for Gender Discrimination. The Local Swedens News in English. 6 October 2009. Print.

Why we shouldn’t have more school days

The roots to education are bitter, just now the fruit Is sweet. unfortunately, our fruit hasnt become the sweetest. The recent Programmer for International Student Assessment (PISA) has shown that although the US may spend the most on Its students, we arent all high and mighty. U. S students class-conscious 36 In Math, 28 in Science, and 24 in Language Arts. Shanghai, China ranked number champion in every subject. You have proposed legion(predicate) times before on extending groom hours or geezerhood to help students reach their full potential.I wish it were that simple, but nothing comes to us that easily. If this were to happen, it would surpass the unfeigned reasons we arent rank high enough. Lets get down a look at high ranking countries such as Finland, Australia, and of course China. China Is number one, but as well very high on another list. Chinas suicide rate Is among the highest In the world, ranking number 6. When you add more school, you add more stress. Studen ts are emphasise out enough with trying to be that perfect body they see In the magazines. School shouldnt add onto that, school should be a unforgettable and play learning environment for kids.In China, falling Is not an option. You must attend school 260 days a year and if you con not, a parent steps in place to take notes for you. That is no way to live. Students are put under so much pressure they think the only way to be freed is to take their own life. Education and intelligence isnt worth it at the cost of someones life. Both countries ranked significantly lower on the list of countries by suicide rate, Finland ranking at 22 and Australia ranking at 50. Although Peru, ranked last on the PISA, they ranked 99 on the sit of countries by suicide rate. It isnt worth the risk.As If school wasnt hard enough School breaks are treasured by families because It Is the only time they really have together. Family time Is cherished by umteen and unmarked by many. I am one of the people that cherishes family time. With family that lives in the randomness parts of the country, I count down until breaks to be given the opportunity to intertwine my arms around them again. Parents have jobs, students have homework, and after school activities. All the more reason to cherish family time. Whether you like it or not, they are your family, and you cant get relieve of them.You are pretty much stuck with them so why would you take away the fun memories? Lastly, three simple words quality over quantity. It doesnt matter how many school hours we have or school days. It how we spend that time Is what matters. Ever since I can remember, I have always spent my time In school preparing for a standardized test. These evil green monsters bring more stressed, but that Is a completely different topic. In Finland, they only take one standardized test when they are 16. Finnish schools have an educational system the US should new.In Finland students have littler class sizes, and have little to know homework. Whereas in China, they were very well mannered students that wear uniform, learn in large class sizes, and have many hours of homework when they return home. Finland ranked 12 in Math, 5 in Science, and 6 in Language Arts. The Finnish education system has to be doing something right. They even have the same meat of school days as us, thus proving the amount of time spent in school isnt the greatest factor even if other states have men improvement.Speaking of same amount of school days, we have the same amount of days as Australian children. But instead of having a long two month break, they have smaller breaks given each season throughout the year. Australia ranked 19 in Math, 16 in Science, and 13 in Language Arts, all ranks are better than ours. Even Peru, that ranked last in every subject, has the same amount of school days as us. It is all about what we doing the time we have not the actual amount. In summation, school can be stressful, we should cheri sh family time, and it is all bout quality over quantity.You can be the smartest person in the world, but if you dont share your intelligence, it is put to waste. As you can see, its not about the hours or the days. In order to fix the dent in our system, we cant Just put a piece of duct tape and call it a day. We have to investigate and connect the correct wires. These wires include such things like the school environment and students work to their full potential. We will get better in time, our system Just needs a few tweaks. Sincerely, Alexandra

Concepts of Criminal Law

William Elf August 17, 2013 The Choice of Evil Defense is also called the General Defense of Necessity. This defense justifies an act that may be a crime but Is d star to prevent a greater evil. the choice of veils defense consists of proving that the defendant made the right choice, the lonesome(prenominal) choice?namely, the necessity of choosing now to do a lesser evil to avoid a greater evil (Samara, 2014).The Model Penal Code contains the elements in three steps 1) Identify the evils. 2) Rank the evils that are present. 3) Choose the evil that would be the best and that something is going to happen immediately. The choice of veils defense says it is better to bless a lesser crime to avoid the harm a greater crime would cause. An example of this would be if your neighbors cable car was burning in a place lot and you saw it was on fire and sitting next to the neighbors car was a car that had three children In It.No one was In your neighbors car so no one was In harms way but t here was no adult in the car with the kids. In order to protect the kids, you went over and Jumped In the car and moved the car further away from the fire. The mother came out and saw that her car was not in the spot she parked it and called the police. The police charged you with stealing the vehicle and kidnapping of the three kids. At trial you presented the choice of evil defense stating that you had to move the car with the children in It to prevent them from burning up in the fire caused by the neighbors car.If you wouldnt have moved the car to a safe place, the children would have been seriously injured or killed. In this scenario the Judge should stand the defense of the choice of evil because if he wouldnt have moved the car when he did, the kids would have been severely hurt or killed immediately. He didnt have white-tailed sea eagle to go try to find the mother of the kids so she could move the car herself. Reference Samara. (2014). Criminal law (1 lath De. ) Coinage Le arning By diamagnetic Everest University Online criminal offense Justifies an act that may be a crime but is done to prevent a greater evil. The car that had three children in it. No one was in your neighbors car so no one was in kids, you went over and Jumped in the car and moved the car further away from the to move the car with the children in it to prevent them from burning up in the fire should allow the defense of the choice of evil because if he wouldnt have moved the didnt have condemnation to go try to find the mother of the kids so she could move the car Samara, (2014). Criminal law (1 lath De. ) Coinage Learning

Activity Based Management Systems

Noverre is seeking to state here that the maitre de concert bound should non accentuate to utilize force and coercion to accomplish his coveted result, and that he should more or less be devote merely to offer words of advice and non to follow up anything on the terpsichoreans. Similarly, if we transpose this into the context of saltation centering, a good dance pedagogue should non turn his or her pupils into some sort of machine-controlled automatons by ready a firm standing that the pupils all obviously follow and transcript him. This does non promote any sort of fine artistic and esthetical predispositions in the pupils, nor does it excite the scholars to take aim their personal ace of look, passion and individuality in their ain dance. They on that pointfore create pupils who atomic number 18 mere C transcripts of themselves who will non last nor live on further virtually in the dance universe because they have non been taught to believe for themselves. In add- on, dance instruction should perservere to supply a acquisition environment that non merely offers encouragement and advice on how to better themselves and their dance, but one that will excite the pupils creativeness and artistic virtue. Dance pedagogues should besides move as wise mans who are at that baffle to steer the pupils alternatively of smothering them by throwing them into an environment where the pupils learn under fright and by force.Based on the citations below, dance is an abstraction of world and it should be expressive. To school a terpsichorean is to prepare an creative person who is technically adept, aesthetically sensitive, intelligent, and creatively expressive. How do you, as a dance pedagogue, develop the aesthetic sensitiveness, interpretative ability and originative expressivity of your dance pupils?As a dance pedagogue, the first measure for me towards developing aesthetic sensitiveness, interpretative ability and originative expressivity of my pupils w ould be to concentrate on 3 watercourses prowess, aesthetics, and heathenish procure of dance. The pupils would h aged(prenominal) to necessitate, experiment, and ticker and the combination of these 3 actions would in bend lead to a greater grasp of and for dance as a signifier of art. I would desire my pupils to non merely dance, but besides create as in, choreograph because it is done this procedure where they would develop a great sense of artistic virtue and esthesia. I would besides desire them to watch a great assortment of dance shows and non merely simply limit themselves to state concert dance, or pat. This would open their positions in the universe of dance and assist them to pull on many inspirations when they dance and create in category. Ultimately, I want to make pupils who are motivated to believe for themselves, and who are able to pull upon their ain personal cognition and experiences and link these to their dance. This I feel, would alter them to hone their i nterpretative and artistic accomplishments and go believing terpsichoreans with a great deepness of non merely intelligence, but good and artistic accomplishment.What in your thought, are the elements that regard to be integrated to put up a meaningful acquisition context for your dance pupils?In my sentiment, to develop a rattling strong sense of kinaesthetic intelligence is needed to being with, because it is of import for the pupils to hold on the clear and be able to associate really closely both base on balls and organic structure in their dance enterprises. This can be brought abtaboo by developing our focal point on the procedure in dance instruction whereby the 3 watercourses of artistic, aesthetic and cultural grasp of dance culminate to supply a meaningful acquisition context. In add-on, I feel it is of import that we embroil the component of ea blether the acquisition of dance through other academic subjects and life accomplishments. This in bend makes the whole ex perience of dance instruction double meaningful because it enables the pupils to pull upon their ain personal experiences and convey these into developing their ain alone individualities and believing in dance. Furthermore, it is besides of import non to bury to include the indispensable proficient facets of dance such as the find of beat, infinite, way, attempt, kineticss, locomotor, and motion motives and unite these with the non-locomotor facets of dance such as look, re intromission and public presentation to make a wholistic acquisition environment for the pupils. Furthermore, it is of import to incorporate cognition and cognitive intelligence together with bodily and kinaesthetic intelligence so that the pupils come to discern that dance as a signifier of art is non merely about mere superficial proficient glare and aesthetic beauty and that there is remote more to it than meets the oculus.How would you use the construct of incorporating reason and prowess to dance instructi on?This is a really of import issue that should be addressed because there is a really all right decline between being nonsubjective and excessively nonsubjective, or being subjective or excessively subjective. How eer, this is a line that we as dance pedagogues frequently need to step on because of the nature of dance as a signifier of art. We can non trust on ever the merchandise by concentrating merely on proficient ability, we hence negate the elements of look and individuality in the public presentation of dance. However, if we rely excessively oft on the procedure of learning dance and acquire so caught up with stimulating creativeness and look in the pupils, so we are besides contradicting the reckon that dance is finally, a signifier of art that serves to showcase aesthetic glare and extended proficient capablenesss that audiences ever look for. Therefore, there needs to be an labyrinthine sense that is applied between reason and prowess in learning whereby the pedagogu e needs to ever be cognizant of the balance between lioniseing and bettering the pupils proficient abilities and yet at the same clip seek to foster their unconditioned sense of prowess to make an art that is aesthetically delighting. I would use this construct of incorporating reason and prowess in dance instruction by using the midway theoretical account of learning as proposed by Smith-Autard in her bind The Art of Dance in Education . I find that this is a really appropriate theoretical account to turn to because it is a matrimony of the approximately of import elements from the procedure and merchandise theoretical accounts severally. It combines the opposing points from these theoretical accounts into a theoretical account of all rounded acquisition, which places equal accent on making, executing, sing and appreciating dance.We frequently teach how we were taught, what are the branchings of this booby trap for a beginning dance instructor?This is besides yet another issue that tend to push many of us immature instructors and that needs to be addressed. The effects of learning how we ourselves were taught can be both corroborative and negative. The general position we tend to keep is that if we are or were being taught in a certain mode, so it must be the absolute and right manner in which we should learn our ain pupils. The gimmick lies in the fact that if we had good pedagogues who nurtured our passions and encouraged the development and cultivation of artistic, aesthetic, and cultural intelligence in dance, who married both proficient and public presentation facets of dance, so this method would be more or less harmless if we in bend decided to learn our pupils in this mode all chip good. However, if we had instructors who taught us without any respect whatsoever for artistic virtue and kinaesthetic esthesias, who, harmonizing to Rand in Reading 2, were monsters who created machine-controlled pupils, so this would be the incorrect manner to tr avel and the result would be batches of pupils who would non be able to widen their positions and believe for themselves, who would follow mindlessly and non see the absolute joyous spontaneousness ( Noverre ) of the art of dancing. In add-on, if we do non seek or try to develop our ain methods of learning by pulling upon all the positive and effectual methods which we have experienced throughout our old ages of dance and acquisition dance, there may be many loopholes in our instruction methods and the pupils in bend will non be able to acquire the most out of their dance instruction procedure. We, as dance pedagogues, have to and should bear in head that even learning dance is a signifier of art that we should near with much sensitiveness, attention, cognition, and daintiness in ready to make the most meaningful acquisition environment for our pupils.An first-class dance pedagogue inspires. In order to actuate your ain dance pupils positively, it is of import you demand yourself to possess the same qualities as you demand of your pupils. What, in your sentiment, are these qualities?In my sentiment, these qualities should be expressiveness, creativeness, invention, being exceedingly perceptive to the infinite and people around oneself, holding a sense of unfastened mindedness so that we do non barricade our personal creative and inventive procedures, sensitiveness with respects to infinite, clip, beat, and way, esthesia with respect to the employment of logical thought, every bit good as artistic, aesthetic and cultural consciousness, careful use and application of technique and manner, every bit good as possessing a strong sense of individualism, good musicalness, spontaneousness, and most significantly, public presentation quality.Reading 2Compare and remark on the position behind these two instruction attacks refering human nature and how one learnsto obtain conformity and subject from dance pupils by shouting at them, penalizing them for errors and hal ing them into reliable behaviours through bribing and calming to cultivate self-denial and ownership through positive support, development of independent believing through logical thinking and, duty through larning about causality In the reading, Rand introduces us to the ultramodern doctrine of Naturalism and its metaphysical projection of how adult male should be and act. First, the two positions here are polar antonyms of each other and they represent basically what Rand negotiations about in the reading of the ideal and existent projection of adult male by the naturalists as monsters alternatively of heroes. The first position here so represents adult male as an machine-controlled monster who has no feelings nor respect whatsoever for others because he is tranquillize by the irrational philosophical strong belief that he can be pardoned or accounted for even by moving like that. In this instance, the cultural bankruptcy that Rand negotiations about is apparent in that Man h as succumbed to his tragic defect and has chosen non to exert any sort of control over his sense of show values. Hence in this instance, the pupils would endure from a really machine-controlled sort of acquisition and finally, the joyous spontaneousness that should be present in Man s learning procedure and journey would be destroyed. However, in contrast in the 2nd position, we can see that this conforms more to the Romantic doctrine whereby adult male is presented as a hero, as being in entire control over his actions and being every bit good as being in ownership of a positive energy to make his highest potency and to hold the same respect for others. In bend, the acquisition procedure here would finally be really different from that in the first position. This could be representative of a successful instruction theoretical account, because the pupils are placed in a positive acquisition environment whereby their creativeness and spontaneousness will be stimulated because they are happy and encouraged, non to reference they will be an impulse to seek out artistic virtue alternatively of contradicting it in the acquisition procedure.Compare and remark on thoughts in dance aesthetics in ancient history, the renascence period, modern and modern-day times.What are the deductions for dance pedagogues as a effect of these altering thoughts about dance aesthetics?Dance aesthetics in ancient history, the Renaissance period and modern and modern-day times differed really greatly from each other. The biggest going would likely be that of the Renaissance period whereby the Romantics painted a really positive and epic image of adult male as a godlike entity whereas the naturalists during the modern and modern-day times regarded aesthetics as non being present but simply as a statistical presence. As a consequence of these altering thoughts about dance aesthetics, there are many deductions for dance pedagogues, one of which would be to maintain an unfastened head ab out how to educate and instill this sense of aesthetics into the terpsichoreans. We have to be really careful because there is a all right line between steering and fostering this sense of aesthetics as opposed to going forceful and didactic in our avidity to pull this out from the pupils. As it is, aesthetics in dance in the present is really extremely regarded as of import and indispensable tidy sum of our art so in bend it is of import that we as dance pedagogues manage to promote this in our pupils.

Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights Essay

Who or what does Heathcliff represent in Wuthering Heights? Is he a force of hatred or a victim of it and how important is the component of crystalize in the novel, particularly as it relates to Heathcliff and his feeling?The moral ambiguity, glamour and degradation that is Heathcliff (same as below) forms the final focus for the novel Wuthering Heights, beginning as Heathcliff is brought into the Earnshaw family, with his evil machinations completely driving the story and his death marking the conclusion of the novel. Throughout Brontes work he is portrayed as a strong port force out who remains mysterious, magnetic and charismatic, keeping countless readers engaged throughout centuries through the desire to understand both Heathcliffs character and his motivations. Tortured, brooding, passionate and dark, Heathcliff is undoubtedly the pattern of the Byronic hero, i.e. a self-destructive anti-hero who is isolated from society, much like Mr. Rochester from Jane Eyre or, more recently, Edward Cullen from the Twilight series.While his actions throughout the novel are neither likeable, nor condonable, they are driven by passion, an emotion synonymous with a typical literary hero and this, alongside his torturous love for Cathy, represents that readers cannot help but feel empathy for him, bringing them impending to Heathcliff than any other character in the novel. Wuthering Heights provoked a good deal of anxiety when published, most of which was caused by the character of Heathcliff. The Examiner matte up outraged by the mixture of affection and loathing he inspired, and even off Emilys sister, Charlotte felt hard put to justify Heathcliffs repulsiveness and was compel onto the defensive. The creation of Heathcliff, she conceded, may not hasten been advisable. (Cambridge companion to the Brontes, page 166)Not solely a Byronic hero, Heathcliff is also seen to be a nightmarish manifestation of subtler fears round self-making gone too far. (Forgery in Nineteenth-Century Literature and Culture p. 13) Heathcliff is the epitome of a self-made man, rising from a degraded and abused orphan on the streets of Liverpool to a man of property, wealth, success and culture, a man in dress and manners a gentleman that is, as much a gentleman as many a country squire (Wuthering Heights p.21) a mere twenty five years later. This climb to wealth fundamentally embodies the anxieties that upper and optic class Victorians possessed regarding the workingclasses. The upper classes were very ambivalent about the people below them socially feeling charitable towards the lower-classes, yet weary of the idea that they may escape their circumstances through the acquisition of power, be it political, social, economic or cultural. The role of class in the novel is something of a constant essay for Heathcliff, as although he manages to obtain property and therefore wealth, he can never change his appearance, which implies more socially than his wealth eve r can. For even as Lockwood notes his gentlemanly appearance, he also recognises Heathcliff as a dark-skinned gipsy in aspect (Wuthering Heights p.21), showing how his ethnic background presents an unusual severalise to his master of the house image, and how he can never truly escape his social standing. This social standing has an enormous effect on the character of Heathcliff and his life as the novel progresses.Rescued from the streets of Liverpool, Heathcliff enters the Earnshaw household a poor orphan, which automatically deems him to be on a lower level than any other character. He is immediately characterised as a villain, imp of Satan, with a language of gibberish (Wuthering Heights) and is roughshodly referred to as it by Catherines father, seen as an physical object rather than a person. This poor treatment is not much of an improvement on his difficult childhood and it is clear to see that he becomes a ingathering of this neglect and abuse. Racially different, Heathcl iff can and testament never be accepted by his adoptive family, something which is highlighted to readers through the fact that he is never given the Earnshaw family name.Nelly uses an provoke choice of dustup to describe how the occupants of Wuthering Heights felt about Heathcliffs arrival, saying from the very beginning, he bred bad feeling in the house. (Wuthering heights ch. 4) These words are evocative as there is much speculation surrounding Heathcliffs heritage. Coming from Liverpool, a town with high rates of immigrants, and with his dark looks, Heathcliff is probably of mixed race, with some critics suggesting that he is black, or, like Patrick Bronte, descended from Irish immigrants, either of which would lower his social standing even further.The theme of class is further intertwined in the diagram as Heathcliffs lowclass ranking is one of the sole reasons that Catherine chooses to marry Edgar rather than to be with him, despite the fact that while her feelings towar ds Edgar fluctuate, she loves Heathcliff so intensely that she claims they are the same person. She finds Edgar handsome and pleasant to be with (Wuthering Heights), yet these are unless superficialities Catherine truly marries Edgar because he is a part of the right social class, possessing the talent to provide financial security for her. She hasclearly considered the prospect of marrying Heathcliff as she not only tells Nelly that if Heathcliff and she were to marry we should be beggars (Wuthering Heights) but also reveals plans to use Edgars specie to help Heathcliff rise in the class system.After Heathcliff returns, Catherine cannot contain her happiness, forcing Edgar to ask her to choose between Heathcliff and him. She refuses to honour that request, later blaming both men for breaking her nub as she could not choose between her love for Heathcliff and the life that Edgar could offer her. Marrying Edgar guaranteed Catherine a higher social standing. Overall, Heathcliffs r ole in the Victorian class hierarchy plays an integral role in major events of his life. It is the reason he is abused by the master of the house, the reason that Catherine chooses Edgar over him, leading him to seek revenge and to make something of himself, but, above all, it is the reason he acts so despicably in the latter half of the novel, encouraging Isabellas infatuation and acting aggressively. None of these events would have taken place if Heathcliff was of a higher social class, as he would have simply been able to marry Catherine.Throughout the text, Heathcliff is repeatedly referred to as world evil in nature an unmannerly wretch (wuthering heights), with his own wife even asking if he is mad or a devil. Most of the characters necessitate that individuals are born good or evil, with people having little control over their personalities or actions. However, is Heathcliff truly a force of evil or merely a victim of it? Is it possible that he could represent both? It is undeniable that Heathcliff is a product of his upbringing. He was neglected, which in turn made him neglectful. He was abused, and so became abusive. He was segregated from the other characters, and so he cast everyone aside fromhimself. He was treated unfairly throughout his upbringing, making him violent and resentful in later life.Heathcliff is the utmost paradigm of a victim turned perpetrator, and often falls back on violence as a means to bear witness his feelings of both love and hatred. His anger is due(p) to the mistreatment he suffered at the hands of Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley and Catherine, tying it to the revenge which he so passionately seeks. Despite this, Heathcliff also undertakes dishonourable, cruel acts against those who have done no harm to him in the past, demonstrating a side of him which shows that he is not solely a victim of evil, but also possesses a dark streak. The best example of this is the hanging of Isabella Lintons quest for, when Heathcliff saysThe f irst thing she saw me do, on coming out of the Grange, was to hang up her little dog and when she pleaded for it, the first words I uttered were a wish that I had the hanging of every being belonging to her, except one possibly she took that expulsion for herself. (WH chapter 12)Ultimately though, Heathcliffs violence and darkness stems from bearing a chip on his shoulder and hanging onto the complexes gained from his past. He may possess a mean streak, however this has ultimately come as a consequence of his early life. Therefore, he is not a force of evil as such, as he had reason for the majority of his actions. No matter how violent or despicable Heathcliff may be by times, he cannot help but remain likeable, due in part to his love of Catherine. His love for her is violent in the sense that it is extremely passionate, but it stirs a brutal defensiveness Heathcliff would never do anything to harm Catherine. Towards the end of the novel, he confesses to Nelly that he no longer h as any interest in violence. This is not so much because he has sated his appetite for it, but rather he has gone past the exact to inflict suffering onto others as a form of vengeance, proving that cruelty was never truly an inbuilt feature of his character.The real annoyance created by the novel when published was not so much that Heathcliff is atrocious, but that he is not, after all, entirely despicable. (cambridge 167) The novel consistently gives the impression that there is more to Heathcliffs actions than meets the eye, for example,his cruelty is seen as merely an expression of his frustrated love for Catherine, or his sinister behaviour conceals the heart of a romantic hero. His character is pass judgment to have a hidden virtue as he resembles a romantic hero, partly due to his overt masculinity, although this is taken to extremes of aggressiveness by times. Traditionally, heroes of love story appear dangerous, brooding and cold only to later emerge as loving and devot ed.While Heathcliff does not reform as expected, there is no need for him to do so, as he remains permanently devoted and passionate about Catherine, although unable to clearly portray these emotions. Certain malevolence proves difficult to explain, as it cannot be deemed a form of revenge against people who have previously wronged him. As he himself points out, his abuse of Isabella is purely for his sadistic amusement, seeing how much she will endure while still returning. Critic Joyce Carol Oates argues that Bront does to the reader that which Heathcliff does to Isabella, testing to see how much the reader can be shocked by Heathcliffs gratuitous violence and still,masochistically, insist on seeing him as a romantic hero. Oates has a valid point, as, for all his flaws and sadistic actions, one cannot hate, or even dislike the character of Heathcliff, seeing him solely as a wounded soul who tries to get back at those who previously hurt him, making him the ultimate Byronic hero of Nineteenth Century literature.

Ethical Issues in Pharmacy Research

Ethical Issues in Pharmacy Research Reflection There is abundant evidence presentation how easy it is to exploit individuals in the history of medical examination search in the twentieth century. It was non until the early 1960s when the public began to take nonice of the ethical neglect that investigateers had for their subjects.The exposure of gross abuses in medical inquiry generated a public furor that was finally noticed by those who administered research funding which enabled changes to indemnity to begin to take place such as the Declaration of Helsinki which addressed the issue of independent review of research protocols by a delegation not associated with the spue. It is enough to make single sick when you look at the unethical medical research that has taken place in the United States alone. In the name of research there has taken place many clinical experiments that have been done unethically.In the 1940s cashieral research studies where done using each patie nt ofs from state insane asylums or from prisons. These studies ranged from injecting patients with experimental flu vaccines to malaria and hepatitis. All of these studies were federally funded. The Nuremberg Code was established as a set of international rules to encourage homo test subjects after the prosecution of Nazi doctors in 1947. However, many American doctors ignored them, arguing that they applied to Nazi atrocities, not to research they were doing.By the 1960s, more than one-half of the states allowed for prisoners to be used as human guinea pigs for medical research. However, two studies would come to light in the 1960s which would turn public attitude most the use of humans in research. The first study was done at Brooklyns Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital in New York. 1 The researchers injected cancer cells into 19 old, debilitated patients to bring out if their bodies would reject them. The patients were not told what they were being injected with because the res earchers believed the cells harmless.However, a lawyer who was on the hospital board was upset over the research which led to the state investigating. The second study was done over three years at Willowbrook State School where mentally retarded children were given hepatitis to see if they could then be cured. 2 Then in 1972, the Tuskegee experiment sparked extensive critical media coverage and public outrage. 3 The Tuskegee experiment took place from 1942 to 1972 in maconnais County, Alabama. About 400 poor, black men were used under false pretentions by the U.S. Public Health Service. These men were illiterate shargoncroppers that were never told what disease they were agony from or where they give treatment for syphilis. They were deliberately left to degenerate under the ravages of syphilis in the name of research. The public was very sensitive to this type of research due to the publicity that the crimes committed by the Nazi doctors had received. When awareness arose that our own government was capable of carrying out unethical experimentation, fear arose.This led to Federal regulations to enunciate the social values and concerns of the people. The first regulation was the National Research Act in 1974 which established the research proposal with informed consent. The Institutional Review display board (IRB) was also established with this act. The purpose of the IRB is to protect the rights and welfare of research subjects. This is an institution specific board that is made up of at least 5 individuals of which one must be a nonscientist and one being a member from the public community.To be able to establish the safety and efficacy of a therapy it is needful to do clinical research. So what is the correct pathway to obtain a patients consent in a clinical research project? The National Institute of Health (NIH) requires that clinical testing be done before a product license for that treatment can be given. However, the patient is being put at risk o f any unknown side-effects by taking part in a clinical trial. So how can we protect patients? The strongest protection for patients is his or her consent.According to the NIH website, informed consent explains risks and potential benefits about a clinical trial before someone decides whether to participate. 4 When the researcher obtains consent they are respecting the patient and enabling them to self-governing plus upholding the principle of respect for persons. IRBs have been a good standard for ethical research however with the advancing field of research in genetics, reproduction, and neurology, it may be time to develop more regulations.There are four basic principles of medical bioethics. These are autonomy, justice, beneficence, and non-maleficence. Autonomy comes from the Ancient Grecian which means self-law. It is the ability of an individual to make an informed, un-coerced decision. Justice means to give all persons what is due to them that can refer to treatment and ed ucation. Beneficence refers taking actions that sever the best interests of the patient. And finally, but not least the principle of non-maleficence means to avoid causing harm to the patient.These four principles must be firmly ingrained into the medical research process for the safety and well-being of the patients. As Christians in the medical profession and involved in research we must ensure that we are upholding not only the NIH requirements but also what the Bible teaches us about the sanctity of life. Research is an important part of furthering the well-being of human life but we cannot let it be done at the expense of other humans.As upcoming professionals in the field we need to develop a firm Christian worldview and be not ashamed to stand up for what we know to be moral and ethical. We also need to educate our peers as such as when tainted unethical research is allowed to take place it reflects poorly on the entire medical profession. 1. http//www. columbia. edu/itc/hist ory/rothman/COL476I5027. pdf 2. http//willowbrookstateschool. blogspot. com/p/history. html 3. The Deadly Deception http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=ofiOzzfKK84 4. http//www. nih. gov/health/clinicaltrials/glossary. htm

The Hunnic Empire in 434 A.D.

Atilla, leader of the Hunnic imperium in 434 A. D. , is most famous for sacking m two towns in Eastern Europe, and in Rome particularly. He was a fierce fighter, and was cognize to be as savage as they get. He was a constant nuisance to Rome never leaving them completely alvirtuoso in his thirst for money, and mogul. It seemed as if Attila could not be conform to with any amount of money, and was definitely never satisfied with the state of his empire always wanting(p) to a greater extent expansion. Attila byword his first taste to power in 434 A.D. after the death of his uncle Rugila ( heritage tale). He and his brother, Bleda, were both next in line to control the Hun tribes. Attilas men were scattered, and a few disagreeing nobles fled to Rome to look refuge. Attilas first important move as a leader was the negotiation for his men back. dicker with the Eastern Roman Emperor Attila received his men back, 350 Roman pounds, and open trade with Roman merchants. The hatful w as looked at as an early success for Attila (Heritage write up).I think that the first deal betwixt Attila and Theodosius II was a mistake on the Roman Emperors part. I think that this gracious and kind act as on the part of the Romans opens the door for Attilas greed and hunger. Theodosius should have recognized the death of the Hunnish empires leader, been stern with Attila, and peradventure even threaten to wipe him out. aft(prenominal) any they were in disarray, were not truly unified, and would have been an indulgent target to take out at the time. Instead he helped the Huns have an opportunity to grow, and arise back wanting more.Theodosius obviously did recognize the Huns to be a threat, because when the Huns did recede, as a part of the treaty, he began reinforcing his walls as if he was getting ready for an flack (Heritage History). The Romans did not see the Huns for rough five years, and accordingly in 440 A. D. , after being defeated in Armenia, Attila set his eyes to Rome. basic he laid waste to the merchants that had been setup as a part of the treaty, and then he began struggle forts alongside the river of Danube (Heritage History). Attila broke the first treaty between him and Theodosius, and it in truth checked up working out better for Attila.Soon after Attila began pillaging through Eastern Rome the Vandals began an attack on Carthage, the wealthiest city in Rome. Troops were called away to help stop the attack in Carthage, leaving a big void for Attila and his brother to run through in 441 A. D (Gordon). In 442 A. D. Theodosius recalled his troops from Sicily, accept that he could stop Attila and beat the Huns. Theodosius had a chance to reason with Attila before he sent all his troops to oppose him, but his pride forced him to refuse Attilas demands (Gordon).It would have looked better for him if he would have just met the demands, because he was defeated by Attila twice just outside of Constantinople. Attila never veritabl ely breached the walls at Constantinople, but he did come very close. The city was well guarded with two sets of walls some it. Theodosius admitted his defeat virtually 443 A. D. and had to meet the harsh demands of Attila. Attila received roughly 6,000 pounds of gold from the Romans, and charged them a every year tribute (Gordon). To say that Attila was a problem for the Romans is to say the least, he was very close to overrunning them and ending their existence.Attila, satisfied with what the treaty had brought him, withdrew himself back into the heart of his empire to plot more about how to take over the Romans. It was during this time, around 445 A. D. , that his brother Bleda is mysteriously murdered (Heritage History). Not much is recorded as to the actual cause of death, but it is a well-accepted notion that Attila had him killed so that he could have absolute power. Attila, having all the power to himself now, began another campaign against Rome in 447 A. D. He would face a former adversary Arnegisclus in the Battle of Utus.Even though Attila had beaten Arnegisclus in the 443 campaign, the Battle of Utus was a fierce and bloody one for both sides (Heritage History). Severe losses took place on both sides, however the Huns came out victorious. Arnegisclus was knocked stamp out from his horse, and was eventually killed while on foot. Attila in 450 A. D. decides to give rise and alliance with Valentinian III, a Western Roman Emperor, and attack the Visgoths. Attila had be diplomatically bribed towards the alliance, and he had a good relationship with one of the emperors oecumenic Aetius (Heritage History).Things looked to finally be smoothed out between Attila and the Romans, but then Valentinians sister ruined it all. Honoria was the name of Valentininas sister, and when she was displeased with her arranged marriage, she called out for Attila to take her hand in marriage. Attila took the proposal very seriously and accepted, and was angered when Va lentinian told him that his sister was not being genuine (Heritage History). Attila began making his way through the Roman Empire sacking cities on his way. Aetius began drawing his army to make a stand against Attila, and they met sound where around Orleans for the Battle of Cataluanum.This battle is said to be one of the most important battle in the history of Europe and Christianity, because if Attila would have clearly won then he could have annihilated Roman culture, and Christianity could have been lost (Gordon). In the battle both sides tin heavy losses, but the Huns are said to be the victors even though it wasnt much of a victory. The damage done was enough to slow Attila and his army down from making their way to France. Attila, still wanting to claim his bride, sets for Italy (Gordon). There are a few different stories as to why Attila did not end up attacking Italy.One is that Bishop of Rome Leo I met personally with Attila asking him to withdraw his army from Italy. Wh at I think was the most reasonable answer for the withdrawal was the fact that Attila had suffered major losses, and it was said that his armies were suffering from disorder and starvation (Heritage History). Whichever story is true Attila withdrew either way vowing to return. On his way theater from Italy, Attila marries a young girl named Iidko, and on the morning after his attachding he is found dead, in a bed of blood.The story is that Attila after a night of drinking suffered a massive epistaxis while lying down in his bed, and he drowned in his own blood. There are more theories on the actual cause of death of Attila. Some think that there was foul play, and that his newly wed wife killed him in his sleep, and some think he had a massive hemorrhage causing privileged bleeding. After the death of Attila the Hunnic Empire was passed onto his sons, but there was much arguing over who had the most power. After a year or two the Huns were no longer an empire, and were blended i nto Germanic tribes across Europe.Attila the Hun took the Hunnic Empire farther than it ever dreamed to go, and thankfully, to us Christians, he was stopped eventually. Gordon, Richard. STOPPING ATTILA The Battle Of Chalons. Military History 20. 5 (2003) 34. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. Victory Secrets Of Attila The Hun. Success 40. 2 (1993) 42. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. Battle of Chalons Attila the Hun versus Flavius Aetius. Military History. (2006) n. page. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. . Attile the Hun. Heritage History. Heritage History, 2007. Web. 11 Oct 2012. .

American Idol and the Presidential Elections

The industry of broadcasting has long been taking its toll to the mindset of the prevalent population. For the precise long time, media outputs postulate played a vital role in providing its patrons the kind of merriment they intentionally or non-intentionally introduce. However, due to the situation that media is almost al modes represent the popular culture of the mess, it butt endt be denied that the whole reflection of the social function of a nation idler be seen clear in whatever forms of media communication. The creation of the popular reality program American idol has changed the way viewers portray the role of an ordinary observer.The program has caterd a fresh new outfit of residue where the interaction of the viewers is as valuable as the program itself. Apparently, because of the increasing number of communication eddy options in the market today, it is now very easy to take part in any media casing with just a click of a button. This event has prompted man y television networks to tap the marketing capacitance of communication devices to increase the so-called advertising revenue. The American idol was able to use this strategy by introducing the electronic balloting system for the viewers.They have designated the use of a phone or mobile device, which serves as a medium to participate in the casting of suffrages for the contestants. The release of statistics that reflected the number of voters in American beau ideal has some(a)how stirred a relatively significant concern when it reflects out that it has outnumbered the actual number of votes in the presidential elections. This scenario has lead to a good argument whether the government system is really at the door of being disgusted or if the data is merely a raw commodity that has not yet reached the maturity of analysis.Somehow, there has been a feeling of disgust that currently manifests in the world of politics. Some of the attributes in the elections provide a rather inconc eivable effect of aversion among the frequent. This is because politics are only very much concerned on how it leave project its image rather than how it will serve the public. scarce pondering the billions of dollars spent in a presidential election would make an individual squirm because of the fact that the money, wherever it came from, only the advertising component will benefit form it.Even though, we cannot readily say the electoral process system is broken just for the simple fact that the public is not pertained in politics at all. We can look at the statistics about the voting numbers of the American Idol as against to the presidential election but being as a critical thinker. If in any case there is still a large discrepancy based on factor analysis, and so that would be the only time when assumption of massive hatred in that politics have resulted to the publics apathy and have fallen apart from its grip of public trust.The American idol voting system is practically very attuned to the convenience of the participants while on the other hand, the presidential elections needs a specific format process to address the standard requirements in casting a political vote. For American idol, landline phones and mobile phones give instant results of the voting with a simple keypad button instalment while you have to register and be at least 18 years old to vote for Americas leader. In the television program, you just have to dial a phone to vote for the next American Idol.You dont have to be 18 you dont have to register, and you arent limited to one vote youre limited to two hours. You dont have to use gas to get to the polls, and you dont have to decipher any ballots you just pick a someone and dial a phone (Falk, par. 2). This might have been the very reason why number figures prefer much of the data in the American Idol voting canvassd to the presidnetial elections. Of course it is not possible to compare the numbers since they were acquired in tw o very different modes.As a matter of fact, the voting system has some serious voting problems were tens of millions of votes were lost (Seibel, par. 3). Even though this is the case, the problem of people diverting away from their interest in politics will still have a very large negative impact. The principles industrious in the political advertising arena makes it a very unrecognizeable aspect of social function. People will just find a more appealing and more realistic system such as the American Idol where they see and feel the actual results almost instantly.There is not much that politics can do to acquire back the interest of the public whether they do good or not. Ploticians will unendingly be embarked on the unusual activities of advertising their platforms to gain the publics approval of their competnecies. However, the media has the responsibility to provide the most realisitc analysis of true representation of what is actually happening in the society. In the case of t he American Idol being more popular than the national electoral process, it can readily define how people preceive the actual dilemma of the community, more of a nation.This attention and preference discrepancy can only be resolved if there is a complete transparency in disseminating info coming from both sides. The American Idol should exemplify the actual process of voting and its statistics while the presidential electoral institution should clearly present their advocacy in their politcal ads. Works Cited Falk, Michael. 17 May 2006. Seibel, Deborah. 17 May 2004.

Merrill Finch Inc. Case Study Essay

Merrill Finch Incorpo sum upd is a large financial services corporation. As a newly employ financial planner for the company, I earn been assigned the task of investing $100,000 for a client. The investiture funds alternatives wee-wee been restricted to five options T-Bills, blue tech, Collections, U.S. Rubber, Market portfolio, and a 2-Stock portfolio.The economic forecasting staff for Merrill Finch developed opportunity estimates for the offer of the economy, and the security analysts use up developed software to estimate the lay of issuing on severally of these alternatives under each state of the economy. A chart demonstrate the results of the analysis is in Appendix A of this report. portion 1 of this report begins with a discussion on the concept of Return. The calculations of each of the alternatives expect rate of come are also careful and discussed. instalment 1 then continues with the concept of Risk. Three variant totalments of guess are discussed and ca lculated for each of the enthronization alternatives. The danger measurements discussed are the Standard Deviation, Coefficient of Variance, and genus Beta Coefficient.Section 2 discusses some scenarios of different investment options. The first is of a 2-stock portfolio consisting of the investment of $50,000 into two lofty Tech and Collections. The expected tabulator, standard deviation, and coefficient of variance are then calculated and discussed for this option. The second scenario is of a portfolio consisting of randomly selected stocks. The office concludes with a discussion of the risk involved with this random portfolio and how the addition of more random stocks to the portfolio would affect the risk.Section 3 discusses the Security Market Line (SML) Equation and how the SML would be affected if inflation expectations were to rise by 3 percentage points. Appendix B shows this equation and its use to calculate the required fleets of each of the investment alternatives . The divide is then concluded with a discussion of these calculations and how they equality to the expected accrues calculated in section 1.Due to time constraints, probability distri bution graphs for High Tech, U.S. Rubber, T-bills, and a portfolio of randomly selected stocks has been omitted from this report.ReturnReturn is specify as the income that an investment provides in a year. When deciding on what type of commercialize to invest in, it is sharp to first look at each markets expected rate of rescue. The expected rate of return of an investment is the weighted average of the probability of all possible results. The expected rate of return of assorted investment options are shown in Appendix A of this report on page 6. For each option, the expected rate of return is calculated by multiplying the probability of the state of the economy by the corresponding estimated rate of return for that market, then pickings the sum of these values.One of the invested alternatives for Merrill Finchs client is Treasury Bills, or T-bills. These are a form of treasury securities issued by the United States Treasury. T-bills are said to be a risk-free investment, but in realty, there are no true risk-free securities. In regards to default risk, T-bills are risk-free because the Treasury must redeem them. Being that they must be redeemed, also shows that they are independent of the state of the economy. They are, however, susceptible to otherwise forms of risk.If the rates were to growing or decrease, T-bills would then be susceptible to reinvestment rate risk, the risk that they might not be able to be reinvested at the very(prenominal) rate. For this investment, the expected rate of return on T-bills is calculated to be 5.5% .High Tech and Collections are two other investment alternatives for the client. The expected rate of return is 12.4% for investing in High Tech and 1.0% for Collections. Investors might choose to invest in one of these two depending on how well they predict the economy will do. High Tech has a direct relationship with the extendment of the economy. If the market is expected to increase, then this would be a good investment. Collections, however, moves in the opposite direction of the economy. If a decline is expected, then investors would use this as a hedge against the interdict movement of the economy.The remaining alternatives for this client are to invest in U.S. Rubber, a market portfolio, and a 2-stock portfolio of High Tech and Collections. The expected rates of return are 9.8% in U.S. Rubber, 10.5% in a market portfolio, and 6.7% in the 2-stock portfolio.RiskAs we have already discussed above, no securities are truly risk-free. Depending on the nature of the investment, the type of investment risk will vary. The following sections discuss some of the different types of measurements that can be used to determine the heart of risk in an investment.Standard Deviation. The standard deviation () is defined as a statistical measure of the variability of a set of observations. The smaller the standard deviation, the lower the risk of the investment. It is calculated by taking the weighted average of the deviations from the expected value. This provides an idea of how far above or below the expected return the actual return is likely to be. The type of risk measured by the standard deviation is stand-alone Risk, which measures the undiversified risk of holding an various(prenominal) asset. For this investment analysis, the standard deviation for T-bills is 0% , 20% for High Tech, 13.2% for Collections,18.8% for U.S. Rubber, 15.2% for a market portfolio, and 3.4% for the 2-stock portfolio.Coefficient of Variance. The Coefficient of Variance (CV) is a standardized measure of the amount of risk per unit of return. It is calculated by dividing the standard deviation by the expected return. The larger the CV, the riskier the investment. It is a better measurement of stand-alone risk than the standard deviation. This is because it includes the effects of both risk and return and allows for a closer evaluation of situations where investments have substantially different expected returns. This investment analysis shows the CV for T-bills to 0, 1.6 for High Tech, 13.2 for Collections, 1.9 for U.S. Rubber, 1.4 for a market portfolio, and 0.5 for the 2-stock portfolio.Beta Coefficient. The Beta Coefficient a measurement of Market Risk. It shows the extent to which a given stocks returns move up and down with the stock market. The Beta of an average stock is 1.0, but most have genus Betas in the range of 0.5 to 1.5. Beta coefficients are calculated as the slope of a regression line, which represents the discrimination among a given stock and the stock market in general. The expected returns of a market are directly related to each alternatives market risk. In other words, the higher the rate of return of the alternative, the higher its beta coefficient. The estimated betas for each of the clients investment alternatives are shown in the chart in Appendix A. Considering the beta coefficients provided in this chart along with the other information that we have calculated, we do not yet have enough information to choose among the various alternativesWhen considering whether or not to invest in a event alternative, one thing to consider is portfolio diversification.An investors view of risk in an investment can be greatly affected by the diversification of their portfolio. The risks that can affect an undiversified portfolio whitethorn not be the same as those of a diversified portfolio. An undiversified investor may need to be more aware of the stand-alone risk and, therefore, closely monitor the alternatives Coefficient of Variance or standard deviation. These, however, may not be as relevant to a diversified investor because they are more concerned with the impact that a stock may have on theriskiness of their entire portfolio rather than on its stand -alone risk. Aside from having higher risk, other drawback to having a portfolio containing only an individual stock is that you would not be compensated for your higher degree of risk. portion 2 Investment Alternatives2-Stock PortfolioOne of the investment alternatives for the client is a 2-stock portfolio. An option with this alternative would be to invest $50,000 into both High Tech and Collections. The chart in Appendix A contains the calculations of the various measurements of risk. The expected return on the 2-stock portfolio is 6.7%, the standard deviation is 3.4%, and the CV is 0.5. The riskiness of this alternative is different than that of the individual stocks if they were apart from one another. A major difference is in the measurement of the stand-alone risk. The stand-alone risk of the individual stocks is greater than that of a stock portfolio. This is because the two stocks have opposite reactions to the market. As the risk of one alternative increases, the risk of the other decreases, reducing the overall risk of the portfolio.Random Stock SelectionAnother investment alternative to consider might be to start a portfolio with one randomly selected stock, then randomly adding more and more stocks to this portfolio. Initially, the portfolio would have fundamental risk because it only contains one individual stock. As more stocks are added, the expected rate of return would remain the same, but the risk would be reduced due to the diversification of the risk through the various stocks.SECTION 3 Security Market LineThe Security Market Line (SML) equation shows the relationship between risk as measured by beta and the required rates of return on individual securities. Appendix B shows this equation and the calculations of the required returns for our various investment alternatives. Given an estimated risk-free rate of 5.5% and market return of 10.5%, the required rates of return were calculated at 5.5% for T-bills, 12.1% for High Tech, 1.15% for Collections, 9.9% for U.S. Rubber, and 10.5% for a market portfolio. These returns compare closely to the estimated returns in the chart in Appendix A. The required returns are equal to theestimated returns for the Market Portfolio and T-Bills, showing that they are fairly valued. Required returns are greater for U.S. Rubber and Collections, showing that they are overvalued. The required return is lower for High Tech, showing that it is undervalued.The required return of a portfolio with 50-50 High Tech and Collections is calculated at 6.63%. For a 50-50 portfolio of High Tech and U.S. Rubber, the required return is 11%.If investors raised their inflation expectation by 3 percentage points over current estimates as reflected in the 5.5% risk-free rate, the SML would result in an up shift of 3 percentage points. The required returns of both high and low-risk securities would also result in an increase of 3 percentage points. If investors risk aversion increased enough to cause the m arket risk reward to increase by 3 percentage points, the SML would then result in an upward rotation almost the y-axis and the required returns of high-risk securities would increase.

Customer Service VS. Manufacturing Essay

The digression between the manufacturing industry and client service industy is seen in the marketing surgical processs of both. These days, there are lots of chaffer centers that has been built into different establishments. In fact, there are call center agencies that has been a business alone of big companies around the globe. Its being used by some entrepreneur and businessman. Why? Is it because of the debilitative appeal of the manufacturing agency? Is the customer service more effective than manufacturing? No. Its not because the manufacturing is weakening, exactly because of the larger chances or opportunities that the customer service offers than the manufacturing. In a customer service strategy, if the employee or the customer service representative has the ability or one of the promising and outstanding employees, those who are reliably working, and the attach to can expect more customer satisfaction from the employee theres a high risk of exposure for the comp s ome(prenominal) to get bigger and earn more because what the employee promotes and builds a good customer relationship which is fundamentally needed in a business. But this big chance to inspire the confederation is also a big chance for the high societys failure because it also causes negative feedback from the customer. It has been happening in many call center agencies that only few of the call center agents of their employees last because of different kinds of reasons personal or any, they do not last in the job. The tendency of a customer services clashing to the business is that, the risk of the transaction between the customer and the company is on the performance of the employee. Paul Simpson and Dr Vishnu Kanhere (2007) says that service, by its nature, deals with intangibles. Auditors should not expect to see much in the way of product. When auditing a reception/security team, for example, it is all-important(prenominal) to check that they know what is required of them in terms of routine responsibilities, but you can guarantee that no day will be the same and thus youll need to see that the team adapts to situations presented to them at any time. The quality of the service they provide is down to the individual, their own personal characteristics and the training they have received a combination of nature and nurture. The risk is to the company to get along with tHe performance of the employee, whether they will show a good performance or not. In manufacturing, its easy liaison that what they have sound headstrong to manufacture is only what they will do. The good thing here is the certainty or the assurance of the dealings with the client or the customer. Accuracy, because they the company is woking with tha machines and equipments, so the performanc of those will be based on the command of the spate working with it. The competition between the customer service and the manufcturing strategy is that, in customer service, theres an open win dow for opportunities and good customer relationship. That is only if the employee works nice and with the intention to help for the companys growth. But if not, its a high risk. Gamble, but for sure, companies doesnt make it to the point that the company is already in danger before theyll act on it. Its the quality of the employees performance that the company must secure. In manufacturing, the issue is the quantity of the product to produce because the risk here is that, there are counts on how many is to produce and how many is to be manufactured by the machinery. Aside from the thing that there can not be adjustments sometimes, there are products that are not repeatable to produce. erst that there are damagea at the begining, its a continuous process until the edge because the the machineries are consistently programmed and it is already a set up. There is a need to maintain the production quality of the equipments just like the quality that the customer service company must im pose on their employees. In an abstract entity of an article by Slotnick and Sobel (2005), Inaccurate production backlog education is a major cause of posthumous deliveries, which can result in penalty fees and loss of reputation. We identify conditions when it is particularly worthwhile to improve an information system to provide good lead-time information. We first analyze a sequential decision process position of lead-time decisions at a firm which manufactures standard products to order, and has complete backlog information. Both of he strategy has its problem when it comes to time management for the companys workers. The only difference is just that, the equipments will be repaired but the an employee will be replaced or terminated. this reveals when the partial-information method does well and when it is worth implementing measures to improve information pitch between operations and sales (Slotnick and Sobel, 2005).REFERENCESSimpson, Paul., and Dr. Kanhere, Vishnu. Auditi ng service sector vs. manufacturing. fromhttp//www.irca.org/inform/issue15/Simpson.html//Slotnick, Susan A. and Sobel, Matthew J. (16 June 2005). Manufacturing lead-time rules Customer retention versus tardiness cost. crossingion, Manufacturing and Logistics, Volume 163, (Issue 3), Pages 825-856 Director,Product Marketing. (February 2002). Guidelines forPreparing CustomerService Standards. Water Industry Asset Management and Standards //www.nrm.qld.gov.au